"کاس"

 "کاس"

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A letter to the Prime Minister of Israel: Revealing classified information about the Israeli-Hamas war

January 9, 2009

To whom it may concern:

This short note is to apprise you that the current war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza was parasitically plotted mainly by the supreme leader of Iran superparasite cleric Ali Khamenei, his superparasite wife, and the old members of his family in cooperation with the superparasite leaders of Hamas.
The communications between the two sides have been taken place parasitically, that is, through the possessed feelings of Causian children, youths, and adults. Details about the parasitic techniques of the Arab superparasites (including Iranians because the majority of Iranians, who ridiculously claim to be Aryan, and everybody in the Iranian regime are actually mixed-Arab) are found in the 518-page document that was mailed to you on November 29, 2007.

This was done in an effort to help them to protect, and to recover from, their lost information to Causian public about the parasitic lifestyles of Arabs, especially, how Arabs parasitically and by genocides made "Caus" part of Iran around four hundred years ago and gradually transformed Causians to Iranian through parasitic Persianization techniques such as migrations, how Arab superparasites (including Palestinians) have been parasitically using the possessed feelings of Causian children and youths for protecting and fixing their own frequent sexual intercourses with their sisters, brothers, parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, daughters, sons, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and other relatives, how Arab superparasites, Turks (some known as Turkomans), Iranians, and Afghans parasitically migrated to all over "Caus" and, reversely, how Arab superparasites parasitically programmed Causians to migrate to Iran, to Iraq and other Arab countries, to Turkey, and to many other countries, why Arab superparasites split one of the small provinces of “Caus” in 1997, how Arab superparasites parasitically (in addition to wars, killings, parasitic rapes, and, in the past several centuries, parasitic marriages) made Causians convert to Islam, and so on.

This Israeli-Hamas war is supposed to help the superparasites' systematic parasitic activities for overshadowing and discrediting Causians' anti-Parasitism campaigns that accelerated since 1979. This war, along with the twenty-four hours parasitic activities of top superparasites (especially, the wives, the mothers, the mothers-in-law, the aunts, and other old females who stay home and sexually implement their parasitic agendas), meant to make "Caus", Europe, America, Russia, and the rest of the world feel sorry for Palestinians and Arabs in general and see and feel them poor, underprivileged, homeless, and so on.
When these happen, the Arab superparasites recover from the effects of Causians' systematic anti-Parasitism campaigns.
This is not something new. "Caus" is very much used to these parasitic techniques (including the "Parasitic Martyrizations" and self-killings similar to the Iraqi insurgencies, bombings of the Iranian cities and Mosques during the past few decades, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts) of superparasites for many centuries.

The intention of this mail is neither to oppose nor to defend the current Israeli-Hamas war. It is rather to reveal the parasitic techniques and goals of the Arab superparasites of both Iran and Hamas.

"Caus" is the territories South, Southeast, and Southwest of the Caspian Sea that, by genocides and wars, became part of Iran around the late 16th to the early 17th centuries.

Thank you for spending time to read this comment.

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For the world's media:

The following notes describe our above letter of January 9, 2009 to the Prime Minister of Israel. It cannot be well comprehended without first reading the 518-page document that was mailed to the world’s media on November 29, 2007. Still, if you are Israeli, Causian (from the Northern regions of Iran), American, European (especially, today's Caucasian), Russian, East Indian, Chinese, Japanese, or from a country entangled with social and economic problems and find the contents of this mail vague, we recommend you to not discard it because it contains the type of information that might be interesting to you.

By explicit extractions from the superparasite wife of the supreme leader of Iran cleric Ali Khamenei, it is certain that "Caus" and the accelerated anti-Parasitism campaigns of Causians are the main things that triggered the Arab superparasites (especially, the two most powerful clerics in the Iranian regime, cleric Ali Khamenei and cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani) to parasitically plan and handle the current Israeli-Hamas war. Certainly, the plans were communicated with the superparasite leaders of Hamas. However, their communications were parasitic, meaning through the possessed feelings of Causian children, youths, and adults.

The information provided in this mail is mainly based on the "Explicit Extractions" from the superparasites themselves. However, we are certain that, in addition to those reasons pointed in the letter to the Prime Minister of Israel, there are some other reasons for the superparasites' planning for this war. We think Causians' analyses of sexual and many parasitic lifestyles of Palestinians and Arabs (including, Iranians) that were described in the 518-page document of November 29, 2007, Causians' analyses of Arabs, Turks (some known as Turkomans), Iranians, and Afghans who live in "Caus", and Causians' analyses of the Muslim leaders are among the other reasons.

Details of extractions from the superparasites about how "Caus" is linked to this war as well as to the following matters will be provided to the world's media through our second large document sometime in the future.
Just as we mentioned in the first document, our recommendation to anyone, who doubts the truthfulness of what we present by "Explicit Extractions" or thinks they are racially motivated, is to "please discover the truth through one's own experience".

1. The second document's "Explicit Extractions" are mainly from the top superparasites of Iran, especially, the Khameneis and the Rafsanjanis. The new document continues the discussions of the first document about how "Caus" discovered Parasitism around thirteen thousand years ago and unveiled it to the rest of the "Original Caus" (in English, "Original Caucasia") and the world, how it has been leading the anti-Parasitism campaigns since then, why it has been the main place of possessions for Arab superparasites, why it has been the main repository of Arab superparasites' both parasitic issues and sexual intercourses with their sisters, brothers, parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces, nephews, daughters, sons, grandchildren, relatives, neighbors, clergy students, and others since then, how and why its race has been transformed to Arab, to Turk (some are called Turkoman), and to Iranian through parasitic invasions, parasitic occupation, parasitic rapes, parasitic migration, parasitic interracial mixes, and evil Persianization, why Arab superparasites have been making Causians to leave their farms and cities toward Iran and, especially, its capital Tehran, why Arab superparasites have been closing the Causian factories, why Arab superparasites import the products, which Causians produce, to "Caus" from South East Asia with the less expensive prices, why Arab superparasites - especially, cleric Ali Khamenei, order to set the Causian forest (such as the Golestan-forest) on fire, how Causians increased their anti-Parasitism campaigns enormously for the 1997 parasitic split of one of their small provinces (called Mazandaran) and how superparasites reacted by parasitically causing many bombings, terrorist activities, and disasters including the killing of Georgians by Russia in August 2008 and now firing rockets and mortars into the Southern Israel and the Israeli-Hamas war in Gaza, why superparasite cleric Ali Khamenei, superparasite cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (the second most powerful cleric in the Iranian regime), and other top clerics have been spreading parasitic propaganda for another split of the remaining Mazandaran province of "Caus" by the help of sex-predator superparasites such as "Bani Hashemiyan", "Anushirevan Mohseni" (a member of the parasitic parliament of Iran), and "cleric Nurollah Tabarsi” (the supreme leader's representative in Mazandaran) supported by other superparasites who parasitically migrated to "Caus" from the Arab countries, bloodsucker Iran, and the Turkic countries, how and why Arab superparasites have been parasitically spreading drug-addictions among Causians, how and why Arab superparasites have been killing Causians through "Parasitic Normalization" techniques such as car-crashes in the mountainous roads of "Caus", how Arab superparasites have been spreading Islam in "Caus" through savage Iran, and so on.


2. Then, the document describes why the mainly Sunni-Muslim Iran was converted to Shia-Islam by the Iranian (Arab) sex-predator superparasite kings of Safavid dynasty which, according to parasitic history of Iran, were in power from 1501 to 1722 and how the genocides of Causians and today's Caucasians by these superparasite kings helped bloodsucker Iran to make "Caus" and Caucasia territories of its own.

The "Explicit Extractions" would also unveil that all after-Islam kings of Iran (including those of the Safavid dynasty) were sex-predator Arab superparasites. The climax-time sexual feelings of certain Safavid and Pahlavi kings and princes of Iran are extracted in order to provide examples of their parasitic lifestyle.


3. The "Explicit Extractions" also provide Causians, Armenians, Georgians, and South Western Russians a clear view of their "Original Caus" (in English, "Original Caucasia") and prove that the three Causian provinces and their Southern regions (including the majority or a large portion of city of Tehran) that became part of Iran not long ago, the entire "Caspian Sea" itself, all or the majority of Northern Khorasan province of Iran, all North Western regions of Iran (with its majority known as the Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan today), part of Iraq (including the Iraqi Kurdistan), part of Syria (including the Syrian Kurdistan), a very large portion of today's Turkey from East (including the Turkish Kurdistan), today's Caucasian countries which mean all the regions between the Caspian and Black Seas (at least, as North as Ukraine), and the large Western territories of Turkic countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan were all part of the "Original Caus".

The extractions also prove that the first parasitic genocide of "Original Causians" by the Turks of today's latter three Turkic countries (including, the Persians and Medes of Kazakhstan) started exactly 3321 years ago through invasion of the Northeastern "Original Caus". Of course, the savage Turks were implementing the Saudi Arabs' parasitic programs. The reasons are described throughout our both documents.

Those, who read the first document, know that, by "Explicit Extractions" from the Khameneis and the Rafsanjanis, we revealed that the Persians-and-Medes were Kazakh-Turk, not Aryan claimed by the parasitic history of Iran. We also revealed that because Original Causians' systematic extractions made the centuries of killings, savageness, and occupations by Turks "Associated" to Arab superparasites of Saudi Arabia, the superparasites helped the Persians and the Medes, who were occupying today's Western Iran, to go through racial transformations via parasitic massive migrations of today's Caucasians and, later, similar parasitic massive and gradual migrations of Causians to those places. Of course, the goal was to stop the "Original Causians" from analyzing the savage Turks and, therefore, the Arab superparasites. ("Association of Feelings" were defined and described in the first document.)


4. Then, the next few chapters of the second documents describe the "Explicit Extractions" about why the Arab superparasites of Iran, with the cooperation of Turkmenistan, stopped the natural gas delivery to "Caus" in the winter of 2008, why the Arab superparasites of Iran want to parasitically deceive Causians to accept only a small percentage of their share of the "Caspian Sea" and give the rest to Azerbaijan, to Russia, to Kazakhstan, to Uzbekistan, and to Turkmenistan, why the Arab superparasites of Iran have been deliberately setting the Causian forests on fire or cutting the trees by the normalized techniques.

So far, we performed no extractions about whether or not the leaders of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkey are also Arab superparasites. However, we analyzed them as the mixed-Arab and, therefore, like the Pahlavi Kings of Iran and the former President of country of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev practice Parasitism.
In our documents, the word "Arab" always conveys this race, not country of citizenship, birthplace, language and cultures, religion, and Arabic names and titles. Therefore, if the Pahlavi Kings of Iran were Arab superparasites, then so are their children as proved by extractions of both documents and if Heydar Aliyev of Azerbaijan was an Arab superparasite, then so is his son who is the President of that country today.

Again, those who read the first document know that today's Arabs are actually from a mixed race of Arab and others because the "Explicit Extractions" revealed that Arabs, who originally migrated from Africa to Saudi Arabia around 20,000 years ago, were horribly ugly, black (different from today's African blacks), and had hair all over their face and forehead.
During extractions, when we simulated an inquiry for whether the parasitic prophet Muhammad also had hair in his forehead, the extracted response revealed that the hair of foreheads of Arabs of Muhammad's time became less and tinier due to thousands of years of interracial mixes through rapes, slaveries, and parasitic migrations of "Original Causians", Jews, original Middle-Easterns, Europeans, and others.


5. A very important part of the second document is about destructions of villages, farms, and forest of the "Lafur" regions of a Causian district called "Savadkuh". The Arab superparasites (especially, cleric Ali Khamenei and cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani) ordered to remove the villagers from "Lafur" for creating a dam which, according to engineers, sound stupid because of the instability and nature of soils of those regions. At the end, the dam was not created anyhow. According to Causians, the Iranian regime removed the soils from "Lafur" villages and relocated it to unknown places. Some were claiming that the truck drivers and, perhaps, other workers were all part of either the Revolutionary Guards or the Secret Services of Iran.

What the "Explicit Extractions" reveal is that older Causians of "Lafur" knew that "Ali ibn Abu Talib" (who was the first Imam of the Shia-Islam and also the fourth Righteous Caliph of the Sunni-Islam) actually died there naturally - not by a poison-coated sword in Kufa of Iraq and not buried in the Najaf city of Iraq either, the way Muslims claim. This knowledge was, in fact, from the many past and recent "Explicit Extractions".
The problem the Muslim superparasites were facing is that the soils that absorbed the body of the second most important leader of the Shia-Islam (after Muhammad) have spread all over the very large regions of "Lafur". Those, who read the first document, should be familiar how superparasites use the powerful accumulated feelings of victims such as the "Encapsulated MIVs" ("Massively Interfaced Victims" which was defined and described in the first document) to detect information such as this.

The extractions also prove that the Arab superparasites relocated the soils to somewhere in Iraq - probably but not necessarily, some to the Najaf district of Iraq as well.
By "Analyses" (not by extractions), we think that the arguments of US and Iran about the deliveries of weapons through the Kurdistan border of Iraq and Iran and closing the border to the Iranian trucks for while could have something to do with the deliveries of these Causian soils in addition to the weapons.

We then prove readers that it is a great disaster for (in fact, gradual ending of) Islam to announce one of its leaders died in "Caus" - not in Arab countries or Iran.


6. Then, the "Explicit Extractions" focus on the biggest subject of the second document, meaning Islam and its main branches of Shia- and Sunni-Islam. The extractions unveil how and why Islam was introduced, what the so called Islamic revelations were actually made of, what the so many wars of Muhammad were about, why Muhammad had so many wives and why he married "Aisha bint Abu Bakr" (the nine-year old daughter of the first Righteous Caliph of Sunni-Islam) and one of his daughters-in-law called "Zainab Bint Jahsh".

The "Explicit Extractions" reveal who Allah (the God in Islam) and the angel Gabriel actually were.

Next, the extractions truly unveil the "fourteen infallibles" who, according to the Shia-Islam, are naturally free from sin. They are Muhammad, one of his known daughters called "Fatima bint Muhammad", and the twelve Imams of the Shia-Islam. Then, the extractions focus on the four Righteous Caliphs of Sunni-Islam, one of the Imams of Zaidi branch of the Shia-Islam, two of the known granddaughters of Muhammad called "Umm Kulthum bint Ali" and "Zeynab bint Ali", and one of the known sons of the first Imam of Shia-Islam called "Abbas ibn Ali".

The "Explicit Extractions" also reveal that Muhammad died and was buried in a famous city of "Caus" called "Amol". In fact, all "fourteen infallibles" of the Shia-Islam (except, the second and the third Imams) died naturally in "Caus". Whereas, Islam claims that the majority of them became martyr either by sword strikes or by poisoning and all are buried either in the Arab countries or in Iran.

Furthermore, it is extremely important for Islam to claim that the parents and grandparents of Muhammad died years or decades before he became prophet. Whereas, the "Explicit Extractions" prove that they were all alive at the time and were playing the very crucially important roles in Muhammad's parasitic prophecy.

The second document will also unveil how many daughters-in-law Muhammad had, what type of relationship he had with them, and why Muslim clerics desperately try to convince Causians that he had only one child, who was his daughter Fatima.

By "Analyses" (not by extractions), the second document also provides information about why and how most leaders of Islam (both Shia and Sunni) moved to "Caus" and died there or why it has been the case for the majority of the "Important Top Superparasites" of all time.


7. Then, the "Explicit Extractions" reveal the sexual and parasitic lifestyles of several Arab superparasites who, by the help of parasitic activities of their parents and other old members of their families and relatives, married Causians and how they have been parasitically and gradually setting things in order for killing their Causian spouses in normalized manners, especially that the children are now grown enough to satisfy their sexual desires.

The extractions show how Causians truly live in the constant battles for saving the lives of the victims. The victims, whom this chapter of the second document focuses on, are mostly DBV-MIVs who were defined and described in the first document as the Designated Born Victims who also Massively Interfaced with the feelings of so many people. These powerful DBV-MIVs were parasitically programmed to interface with the entire "Caus" and Iran, the majority of Middle-East and North Africa, and certain percentage of the rest of the world in order to carry out the superparasites' agendas the ways described in the first document and, for years or even decades, as adults, have been going through the painful parasitic techniques of superparasites for being killed in normalized manners.

Of course, both the main users and the main planners of killing these and other DBV-MIVs of our documents have been the leader of the Iranian revolution cleric Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini and his older brother cleric Morteza Pasandideh (who are both dead now), the current supreme leader of Iran cleric Ali Khamenei, the second most powerful cleric in the Iranian regime Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Dr. Haque, some other top clerics of mainly Iran, and their “Parasitic Family Teams”.
And as the DBVs and MIVs, they have been frequently interfacing with the sexual and parasitic issues of both the leaders of Islam and the above superparasites. These interfaces are the main reasons the superparasites killed or have been attempting to kill them.

Again, these victims are among the most frequently used DBVs, MIVs, and Encapsulated Agenda-implementers (defines in the first document)

Just as the way described in the first document, some of them (especially, one who has been living in England with his middle-age superparasite wife for a few decades) were made ill through normalized parasitic techniques. In fact, many "Explicit Extractions" of this document were performed in revenge of the systematic parasitic tortures and the attempts for killing of these victims. Without the extractions, they would have been killed long time ago because some of them are adult with children or even with grandchildren.

We are guessing that the middle-age superparasite wife and the sex-predator children of the DBV-MIV, living in England, might leave this country toward Iran or Arab countries if our second document capture the media's attention because a lot of the "Explicit Extractions" are about her dirty sexual intercourses (that caused pregnancies and parasitic abortions) with her children, parents, brother and sisters, uncles, other relatives, neighbours, and friends, or about possession of feelings of her Causian husband, relatives of her husband, and Europeans by her, especially that her work has something to do with the school children, or about the parasitic education and work of hers and her children in England.


8. Then, the "Explicit Extractions" reveal that the death of "Robert Dziekanski" was also parasitically planned and delivered by the top Arab superparasites of Iran. The main planners and handlers of this project were cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, his superparasite wife, and other old members of his family.

Media remember "Robert Dziekanski" as the Polish victim who arrived at the Canadian Vancouver International Airport as a new immigrant on October 14, 2007 where he died shortly after being tasered by the parasitically programmed RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) after waiting several hours at the airport.


9. Then, the "Explicit Extractions" focus on the "Poisoned Individual", a Causian DBV-MIV who was introduced in the first document.
In that document, we called him the "Poisoned Individual" because his first name and date of birth were parasitically chosen by the superparasite wife of cleric Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini (leader of the 1979 Islamic revolution of Iran) and also because his last name was parasitically changed by another older superparasite.

This chapter reveals that the book "Satanic Verses (1988)" of Salman Rushdie and the years of news-making protests of Muslims, violence, and death threats were all parasitically planned and handled by the leader of the Iranian revolution cleric Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini, cleric Ali Khamenei, cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and other top superparasite clerics of the Iranian regime for creating the kind of atmosphere they needed to make the killing of the "Poisoned Individual" normalized.

In other words, the book of "Satanic Verses" and all the news and plots of killing Salman Rushdie were for preparation of killing the "Poisoned Individual". One legitimate question is why didn't the Arab superparasites simply kill this unknown individual without all these crazy parasitic schemes? The answer is that the "Poisoned Individual" is not only a powerful MIV but also identified by similarly powerful MIVs who were doing the extractions from the Arab superparasites in the past decades.
In fact, despite knowing the consequences, the superparasites attempted to kill the "Poisoned Individual" in "Caus", in Iran, in Canada, and in US for several times since 1979. Of course, they actually implemented one of their plans, that is, poisoning after they killed most of the above Causians who were performing the extractions.

As the extractions of the first document revealed, the main planners of the poisoning were the older members of Dr. Muhammed Anwarul Haque's "Parasitic Family Team" (especially, Dr. Muhammed Anwarul Haque himself and his wife and mother-in-law) and cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani's "Parasitic Family Team" (especially, Rafsanjani himself, his mother, his wife, his mother-in-law, and his aunt). Superparasite cleric Ali Khamenei was not the main planner but was monitoring the situations and accepted the final plans before being physically implemented by superparasite Dr. Muhammed Anwarul Haque in Canada.
Dr. Muhammed Anwarul Haque is an East-Indian Arab who has been living in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada for decades.

Since then, the superparasites wanted to kill him by terrorist activities as well. Other methods of the superparasites were the use of food because the effects of the poison Dr. Haque injected somehow increase tremendously by food. One of the worst things the superparasites have been doing since poisoning was that the Canadian (and a few European and American) physicians the "Poisoned Individual" visited were parasitically controlled or programmed to care less or to be unable to diagnose the causes.

The reasons why the superparasites want to kill the "Poisoned Individual" were already mentioned in the first document where the DBVs, the MIVs, and the other victims are described. For the "Poisoned Individual", some the reasons include interfacing with the sexual feelings of the parasitic prophet Muhammad (including the intercourses with his daughter, brother, and granddaughters), the first Imam of the Shia-Islam "Ali ibn Abu Talib" (including the intercourses with his mother and daughters), other Imams of the Shia-Islam, the leader of the Islamic revolution of Iran cleric Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini (including his intercourses with his brother, cousin, and a duck), Dr. Haque (including the intercourses with his brother, sister, and cousin), cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (including the intercourses with his sister and brother), cleric Ali Khamenei (including the intercourses with his sister and cousin), and many other cleric and non-cleric superparasites.


10. Then, the "Explicit Extractions" focus on how superparasites systematically use and torture innocent animals. The main focus of this chapter is about pigeons and continues the similar discussions of the first document. This is the chapter that words absolutely fail to describe the systematic pains animals are going through because of the superparasites.

All three pigeons of the first document were in fact killed through parasitic techniques of the Khameneis and the Rafsanjanis.


11. The "Explicit Extractions" of the next chapter are about sexual issues of the Arab superparasites in general. However, the main focus is about those who live in Iran or in "Caus". Of course, all these sex would cause a lot of frequent pregnancies. This chapter also reveal how Arab superparasites parasitically help the younger females of their families and relatives to get severely ill and abort the babies whenever they get pregnant by their family members, relatives, and others.

In fact, just like the first document, the second document reveals many of the endless sexual issues of the superparasites in its every single chapter.


12. If you read the first document, you should remember that we mentioned 2.5 million Armenians died during the Armenian Genocide. However, this number was from the parasitic transmissions of the "Tampering Superparasites" (defined in the first document) rather than the extractions of the Causians.
The actual extractions revealed "over 2.3 million" Armenians. This chapter of the second document describes several extractions to prove that between 2.3 to 2.4 million Armenians died during the Armenian Genocide. Of course, the genocide was parasitically planned and delivered by the Arab superparasites living in "Caus", in Iran, in Turkey, and in Iraq and Arab countries.


13. Then, the Explicit Extractions" of the next chapter describe the August 2008 war between Georgia and Russia. The main parasitic planners and handlers of this war were cleric Ali Khamenei, his superparasite wife, and other old members of his family.

Analyzing Islam and Arab superparasites' frequent sexual intercourses with their family members and relatives for their parasitic possessions of feeling of victims (especially, children and youths) and for the occupied Caucasian territories and "Caspian sea" by Azerbaijan, by Iran, by Russia, by Turkey, by Kazakhstan, by Turkmenistan, by Uzbekistan, by Syria, and by Iraq were the main things that caused the superparasites to parasitically hypnotize Russian politicians to attack and to kill Georgians.

Again, Causian, Georgian, and Armenian people's frequent analyses were triggered by certain Causians' extractions from, and transmissions against, the Arab superparasites who live in Iran, in "Caus", in Iraq and other Arab countries, in the Western countries, in the Turkic countries (including Azerbaijan) and in Caucasia.


14. After that, the "Explicit Extractions" unveil that the Balkan wars of 1990's and early years of this decade were all parasitically planned and delivered by the Arab superparasites of mainly Iran, Turkey, and Iraq.

Because of Balkans' interfaces with the extractions and transmissions about Islam, Arabs, and Muslim leaders, the superparasites planned these wars. Of course, what they were pursuing were killing the people and recovering from the losses.
The UN and the NATO were parasitically programmed to sympathize with the Muslims there and implement the superparasites' dirty tasks.


15. The next chapter of the second document focuses on the most recent terrorist activities in East India. The "Explicit Extractions" reveal that the main parasitic planners and handlers of the late November 2008 terrorist attacks of Mumbai, East India were cleric Ali Khamenei, his superparasite wife, and other old members of his family.

So far, no extractions were performed to verify whether or not the Arab superparasites who live in East India or, perhaps, in Pakistan were also involved as the secondary planners or were, at least, apprised of the plans in advance.

Again, these terrorist attacks are linked to "Caus", to "Original Caus", and to Arab superparasites living in Iran, in South East Asia, in the Turkic countries, and in the Arab countries.


16. The next chapter is about the Bahai religion. The "Explicit Extractions" unveil that the Bahai religion was created by the Arab superparasites of mainly Iran, Iraq, and other Arab countries.

No extractions were performed to verify whether the leaders of the Bahai religion were victims or superparasites. (The term "Victim" was defined and described in the largest chapter of the first document.)

Please note that we have nothing against the Bahai religion or the Bahai people. We simply reveal Parasitism to save our children, youths, adults, and the nation "Caus".


17. If you read the first document, you should remember that, by "Analyses" (not by extractions), we mentioned that both the 1917 Russian revolution and the Soviet Union's collapse in the early 1990's were parasitically designed and delivered by the top Arab superparasites of Iran, Iraq, and other Muslim countries.

We also analyzed (not extracted) that the 1917 Russian revolution was a way of dividing humans against each other and causing major destructions through wars in order to prevent the rapid progress of "Science and Technology".
In addition, by “Analyses” and brainstorming (not by explicit extractions), we said that Leninism, Maoism, and Marxism could be parasitic products of Arab superparasites.

In this chapter of the second document, the "Explicit Extractions" prove that the above analyses were correct. However, still we haven't performed any extractions to verify whether Marxism and Maoism were also parasitically planned and delivered by the superparasites. Despite that, we have no doubt that Maoism, the Chinese revolution, and the recent major shift of China toward the market economy were all parasitically designed and handled by the Arab superparasites of Iran, Iraq, and other Arab and Muslim countries.

Yet, by "Analyses" (not by extractions), we think Marx, Lenin, and Mao Ze-dong were victims of the superparasites and were parasitically programmed (perhaps, possessed as well) to deliver their revolutions and theories.

Furthermore, this chapter analyzes that, at least, some parts of today's Capitalism (especially, those that stimulate the over use, the misuse, and the mismanagement of scarce resources) are the parasitic products of Arab superparasites. Superparasites' stimulations of over use of scarce resources and the use of products that cause pollutions were observed live in the "In-scope zones" (defined and described in the first document) several times by us.


18. The Iranian political parties such as “People’s Mojahedin of Iran” which claim to be left-Muslim and the Marxist-Leninist parties of the "Tudeh" and “People's Fadai Guerrillas” have always acted as the oppositions to the current Islamic and the previous Pahlavi regimes of Iran.

Ideologically, they have nothing or, in the case of “the People’s Mojahedin of Iran”, little in common with the superparasite clerics of Iran. However, the "Explicit Extractions" of this chapter unveil that all these Iranian parties were parasitically founded decades ago by the Arab superparasite clerics of Iran. Yet, that doesn't mean that the formal founders of these and other similar political parties of Iran were aware of the situations, especially that some of them were Causian and victims themselves.
Now, whether or not the current leaders of these parties are Arab superparasites we don't know yet.

Some of the reasons for which Muslim superparasites parasitically found Iranian parties with the ideologies of Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, left-Islam, Nationalism, and Western style Liberalism are found in both documents of ours.


19. The next chapter's "Explicit Extractions" unveil that the 2008 and, so far, 2009 economic crises, financial markets' turmoils, uncertainties, and job losses were all designed and delivered by the top superparasites of mainly Iran (especially cleric Ali Khamenei, cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, the senior clerics in the key political positions of Iran, and, of course, their wives and other old members of their families). However, the Arab superparasites of all Muslim countries and even the ones living in the Western countries helped the actual implementations of the plans.

The extractions reveal many parasitic events (including, the parasitic lengthy wars and insurgencies in both Iraq and Afghanistan, the parasitic stimulations of US companies for moving their operations to the less expensive countries of Asia such as China, and the constant parasitic transmissions of instabilities) which contributed to the US economic crises.

If you read the first document, you should remember that the "Explicit Extractions" revealed that the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the afterward wars and insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan were parasitically planned and delivered by the Arab superparasites of mainly Iran, Al-Qaeda (especially, Osama Bin Laden), Iraq, Dr. Muhammed Anwarul Haque who lives in Canada, and some other Arab and Muslim countries. Some of their goals were also disclosed there.


20. Then, the "Explicit Extractions" reveal that Barack Hussein Obama is, in fact, an Arab superparasite and both the 2008 Democratic Nomination and Presidential Election of US were parasitically handled by the top Arab superparasites of mainly Iran (especially, cleric Ali Khamenei, cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, their superparasite wives, and the old members of their families) in his favor.

Many Causian victims (including the "Encapsulated DBV-MIVs") were among the important victims who were parasitically programmed to implement the top superparasites' agendas in favor of superparasite Obama's election. That is, the Americans didn't really elect him. It was the day and night parasitic use of the possessed feelings of the Causian victims for the powerful parasitic transmissions of desires, for the programming, and for the other parasitic techniques, which were described in the first document, that got him elected.

Of course, many other Arab superparasites, including the old members of superparasite Barack Hussein Obama's family, were also parasitically active for his parasitic election. However, those mentioned above were the main handlers of the situations.
We believe that superparasite Obama's "Parasitic Family Team" (defined in the first document) is also large; however, so far, by "Explicit Extractions", we identified only three of them who are Obama himself, his wife, and his mother-in-law. If you read the first document, then you would know that if Obama is a superparasite, then so are his father and the parents and relatives of his father. That is also the case for Obama's superparasite wife. Of course, we have verified only her mother (that is, Obama's mother-in-law) so far. During "Explicit Extractions", when we simulated an inquiry about the leading superparasite in Obama's "Parasitic Family Team", the extracted response was Obama himself.

This chapter also reveals some of the disgusting sexual issues and evil lifestyles of superparasite Barack Hussein Obama.
The "Explicit Extractions" would also reveal that, in his heart, superparasite Barack Hussein Obama is actually Muslim. In fact, the document would reveal that all superparasites are Muslim, no matter what they pretend to be.

For those who didn't read or receive the first document, we would like to mention that all superparasites are sex-predators who, during entire their lifetime, frequently have sex with their family members and relatives. When they are young, they have sex with their sisters, brothers, parents, grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, other relatives, neighbours, friends, other clergy students if they are clergy students themselves, and so on. As they age, many (not all) of their sexual intercourses tend to focus on the younger members of their families and relatives such as daughters, sons, nieces, nephews, in-laws, grandchildren, clergy students, and others. And the "Explicit Extractions" of this chapter reveal that superparasite Barack Hussein Obama is not an exception to this fact.

All Arab superparasites of the entire world use "Caus" as the main location for the parasitic possessions of feelings of Causian children, youths, and adults. And superparasite Barack Hussein Obama is not an exception to this fact either.

By "Explicit Extractions" of our both documents, we revealed that the parasitic activities (especially, the major, the long, and the important ones) of all superparasites are delivered through "Parasitic Manipulations of Sexual Feelings". Whether they are males or females, if they are not in the public places, they parasitically rub their genitalia or masturbate whenever they need to implement their parasitic agendas. The roles of the Arab females, who stay home as the housewives, are even more crucial in Parasitism. And superparasite Barack Hussein Obama is not an exception to this fact either.

By "Explicit Extractions" of our both documents, we revealed that Arab superparasites are mentally deprived and don't have the mental capacities for solving puzzles. All of their abilities, their education (even their preposterous clergy studies), their political and religious speeches, and their work are handled parasitically through the abilities of the possessed feelings of the victims. And the "Explicit Extractions" of this chapter reveal that superparasite Barack Hussein Obama is not an exception to this fact either.

According to "Explicit Extractions", superparasite Barack Hussein Obama and cleric Ali Khamenei parasitically communicated and agreed for his election. The extractions also reveal that superparasite Obama needed to become president because it helps the parasitic activities of his and the old members of his family for fixing the problems he has been facing among, especially, Americans who were analyzing his sexual and parasitic issues. That is his personal goal. However, he plays other important roles for all superparasites (including himself) as well. These are the ones that the superparasites of Iran (such as the Khameneis, the Rafsanjanis, and the ones who are in power there) and Arab and Muslim countries are interested in and will be revealed by the "Explicit Extractions" of the second document.

When it comes to these parasitic roles of superparasite Barack Hussein Obama, we have absolutely no doubt that there is no difference between him and all other superparasites including the leader of Islamic revolution of Iran cleric Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini, the current supreme leaders of Iran cleric Ali Khamenei, Osama Bin Laden, the former president of Iran cleric Mohammad Khatami, the current president of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the second most powerful cleric in the Iranian regime Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ismail Haniya of Hamas, the former president of country of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, the president of the Syria Bashar al-Assad, cleric Muqtada al-Sadr of Iraq, and King Muhammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran because they each play a different role for the same goals.
Certainly, superparasite Barack Hussein Obama is going to fake a lot for US and the world; but, these are part of the "Parasitic Normalization" purposes because he, like all other superparasites, is not only the destructor of "Caus" but also enemy of US and, in fact, the world. The reasons are described throughout both documents of ours. (The "Parasitic Normalization" was described in the first document as an important core element of Parasitism.)

One should know that being an American doesn’t make a superparasite, such as Obama, morally and sexually less dirty, less savage, less destructive, and so on.
By “Explicit Extractions” of the first document, we unveiled that Arabs were non-Human species, who originally migrated from Africa to Saudi Arabia around 20,000 years ago, and, consciously, started their lifestyle of Parasitism around 13,000 years ago.
Although not verified by “Explicit Extractions”, our interfaces with the feelings of extractions of others indicate that Arabs’ dirtiness, savageness, and even “unconscious” lifestyle of Parasitism go back a lot longer than that. And that does make sense because the “Explicit Extractions” of the second document reveal that Arabs’ sexual behaviours (such as intercourses with even children and grandchildren), dirtiness and immoralities, extreme savageness, and all we said about them in the first document come from their genetic signatures.

Please note that although superparasite Barack Hussein Obama was parasitically aware of this mail sometime before January 9, 2009 through the possessed feelings of children and youths and even parasitically communicated with the supreme leader of Iran superparasite cleric Ali Khamenei, a copy of this was sent to him twice on January 18, 2009 via his website of  http://change.gov/page/content/contact/


21. Another chapter's "Explicit Extractions" reveal that the previous war between Israel and Lebanese Hezbollah was also parasitically planned and handled by cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, his superparasite wife, and the old members of his family in cooperation with the Arab superparasites of Hezbollah.


22. And finally, the "Explicit Extractions" reveal that the alienation and crucifixion of Jesus were actually planned and handled by Arab superparasites of today's Saudi Arabia.

As stated in the first document, the America's racial problems related to Ku Klux Klans were caused by Arab superparasites when both white and black Americans interfaced with the extractions and transmissions of Original Causians (we think, especially, Armenians of Armenia and of the regions that are occupied by Turkey).

This chapter unveils that the main part of anti-Parasitism campaigns that caused the American racial problems of Ku Klux Klans was disclosure of the links between Arab superparasites and the suffers of Jesus, Christians, and Jews and also the information about Islam and its leaders.


These twenty-two chapters will be only portion of our second document.

Those who read the first document know that we are neither racist nor politician. We simply reveal Parasitism in an effort to save the lives of the parasitically possessed and tortured children, youths, and adults of especially "Caus" and the innocent animals worldwide.

Thank you for spending time to read the comment.

So far, this mail has been sent to hundreds of televisions and newspapers of the US and all over the world.

IRAN-RAMSAR-3

IRAN-RAMSA-3

Iran/Persia

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, formerly known internationally as Persia, Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia, and occupies an important position in international energy security and world economy due to its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran ranks second in the world in natural gas and third in oil reserves, and known for its independent stances in the global arena.

The name Iran is a cognate of Aryan, and literally means, "Land of the Aryans”, Land of Kindness. Iran is a Southwest Asian country and situated in the Iranian plateau between 25 to 40 degrees northern latitude and 45 to 63 degrees eastern longitude, and the Shi’s is the state religion and Persian the official language. Iran is the 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km² (approximately 636,300 mi² ). Iran is about the size of United Kingdom, France, Spain and Germany combined.

According to the 2007 census, Iran’s population is over seventy three million people.

Iran borders Armenia, Azerbaijan to the northwest; and Turkmenistan to the northeast ; Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east; and Turkey and Iraq to the west in addition, it borders the Persian Gulf an important oil-producing area, Gulf of Oman to the south and Caspian Sea to the north.

Geography and Climate

Most of Iran situated on the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coast of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan. Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries; its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaus from one another. The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros, and Alborz Mountains. Alborz Mountains contains Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand at 5,604 m (18,386 ft), which is not only the country's highest peak but also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush. The eastern part consists mostly of desert basins like the saline Dasht-e Kavir, Iran's largest desert, located in the north-central portion of the country, and the Dasht-e Lut, in the east, as well as some salt Lakes. The warmest areas of the country are the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf and the sea of Oman as well as pits in Lut, because the mountain ranges are too high for rain clouds to reach these regions. Except for some scattered Oases, such as Tabas, these deserts are uninhabited.

The only large plains are along the coast of the Caspian Sea and at the northern end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders the mouth of the Arvand  Rud (river ), and smaller plains along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman.

Iran's climate is mostly arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures nearly fall below freezing and remain humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84 °F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (27 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (67 in) in the western part. To the west, the Zagros Mountains basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters, sub-freezing average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (eight in) of rain with exception of some Desert area and have Average summer temperatures exceed 38 °C (100 °F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (five to fourteen inches).

Language

Iran is a diverse country consisting of people of many religions and ethnic backgrounds with Persian culture. The majority (seventy percent) of the population is native speakers of Indo –European Languages who are descended from the Aryan (Indo- Iranians) tribes that began migrating from Central Asia into what is now Iran in the second millennium BCE. The official language of Iran is Farsi / Persian, in addition to the official language, Persian. The main ethnic groups are Persians (51%), Azeris (24%), Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%), Kurds (7%), Arabs, (3%), Baluchi (2%), Lurs (2%), Turkmens (2%),laks, Qashqai, Armenians, Persian Jews, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, Tats, Pashtuns, Mandaeans, Gypsies, Brahuis, Hazare and others (1%). Farsi / Persian is the official language of Iran.

Ferdowsi, Iran's greatest epic poet regarded today as the most important figure in maintaining the Persian language.

Population & Age Structure

v  Population 73,000,000 million

v   0-14 years: 28% (male 10,496,736; female 9,943,264)

v   15-64 years: 67.2% (male 24,985,454; female 24,570,545)

v    65 years and over: 4.8% (male 1,736,950; female 1,767,049)

v   (2007est.)

Population growth rate: 1.05%

0-14

15-64

65 and over

Culture

Daily life in modern Iran closely interwoven with Shi’a Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture is an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture. The Iranian New Year (Nowruz) is an ancient tradition celebrated on 21 March to mark the beginning of spring in Iran. It is also celebrated in, Republic of Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and Iraq. Nowruz was nominated as one of UNESCO’s Masterpieces of the Oral and intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2004.

Women today compose more than half of the incoming classes for universities around the country and increasingly continue to play pivotal roles in society.

Poetry is a very important part of Persian culture. Poetry used in many classical

                 works, whether from Persian literature, science, or metaphysics. Iran has produced

a number of famous poets, such as Rumi, Omar Khayyam, Hafez, Saddi and

                    Ferdowsi, has surfaced among western popular readership, and translated into western languages since 1634.          

   An example of Persian poetic influence is the poem below that is inscribed

                 on The entrance of United Nation’s Hall of Nation.

بنى آدم اعضاء یک پیکرند

که در آفرینش ز یک گوهرند
چو عضوى بدرد آورد روزگار
دگر عضوها را نماند قرار
"Of one Essence is the human race
thus has Creation put the base,
One Limb impacted is sufficient
For all Others to feel the Mace."- Saadi

The cuisine of Iran is diverse, with each province featuring dishes, as well as culinary traditions and styles, distinct to their region. Persian food is not spicy. Most meals consist of a large serving of seasoned rice; an accompanying course typically consists of meat, poultry, or fish, and herbs used frequently.

Wildlife

Wildlife of Iran includes its flora and fauna and their natural habitats. One of the most famous members of wildlife in Iran are the world's last surviving, critically endangered Asiatic Cheetah also known as the Iranian Cheetah, which are today found nowhere else but in Iran. Iran had lost all its Asiatic Lion and the now extinct Caspian Tiger by the earlier part of the twentieth century.

Brown and Black Bears in the mountains, wild sheep and goats, gazelles, boar, deer (either maral red deer or roe deer), wild Asses, wild pigs, wild cats, wolves, Jackals, panthers, and foxes abound. The pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcon are native to Iran.

The Persian Leopard said to be the largest of all the subspecies of leopards in the world and found throughout Alborz and Zagros Mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian plateau. Leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation and domestic animals constitute leopards' diet in Iran.

More than one-tenth of the country forested. The most extensive growths found on the mountain slopes rising from the Caspian Sea, with stands of oak, ash, elm, cypress, and other valuable trees. On the plateau proper, areas of scrub oak appear on the best-watered mountain slopes, and villagers cultivate orchards and grow the plane tree, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, and mulberry.

Dasht-e Kavir also known as Kavir-e Namak:

Some of the ecological features of the deserts in Iran are strong sunshine, relatively little humidity, little rainfall and excessive vaporization and varied temperature depending upon how far a point is from higher altitudes.

Dasht-e Kavir is a large desert lying in the middle of the Iranian Plateau; it is about 675 kilometers long and 50 to 300 kilometers wide and is one of the driest regions in Iran and the world with maximum annual rainfall of 100 mm.

The major part of Dasht-e- Kavir covered by sand and pebbles and exposed to strong

winds and storms that set salt-combined sand in motion like sea waves. At time, this phenomenon forms long sand hills of 40 m high.

Temperatures can reach 50 °C in summer, and the average temperature in January is 22 °C. Day and night temperatures during a year can differ up to 70 °C.

The area of this desert stretches from the Alborz Mountain range in the north-west to Dasht-e Lut in the south-east and is partitioned between the Iranian provinces

 of Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, Isfahan, and Yazd. The desert is uninhabited with the exception of Tabas, Jandagh and Biabanak cities.

Vegetation in the Dasht-e Kavir is adapted to the hot and arid climate as well as to the saline soil in which it is rooted. Common plant species like shrubs and grasses can be found in some valleys and on mountaintops. The most widespread plant is madwort.

The extreme heat and many storms in Dasht-e Kavir causes extensive erosion, which makes it almost impossible to cultivate the lands. Camel and sheep breeding and agriculture are the sources of living to the few people living on its soil. Human settling is restricted to some oases, where wind-blocking housing constructions raised to deal with the harsh weather conditions. For their hard-needed water supply the desert people thousands of years ago created a complicated water well system known as "Qantas." are still in use.

In Tooran region on the edge of the great Dasht-e Kavir desert where you can watch the speedy Persian Wild Ass, fabulous Pleske's Ground Jay, Houbara, larks and sand grouses.

Dasht-e Lut:

Dasht-e Lut is a large desert in southeastern Iran and NASA satellite recorded surface temperatures in the Lut desert of Iran as high as 71 °C (159 °F), the hottest temperature ever recorded on the surface of the earth, about 700 kilometers long and 50 to 150 Kilometers wide. During the spring wet season, water briefly flows down from the Kerman Mountains, but it soon dries up, leaving behind only rocks, sand, and salt.

Other deserts are Abar Kouh, Saghaneh, Marvas in city of Yazd. See-yah Kouh is in Isfahan and Yazd Provinces. Salt desert of Sirjan is in Kerman Province are the most famous and attractive places in Iran for tourists to visit. Water, fuel, tour guide plus some other services is available.

Nightlife brings on wild cats, wolves, foxes, and other carnivores  and in some parts of the desert, the Persian wild ass and even the famous Persian cheetah, gazelles   wild sheep, and goats live in parts of steppe and desert areas of the central plateau. Leopards are common in mountainous areas also lizard and snakes live in different places in the central plateau.

History of Iran:

Iran is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations; Archeological findings in the Hamchon Hill, Silk hills of Kashan, Ali Spring of Tehran, and Zaghah hill in Boin Zahra reveals the existence of urban agricultural settlements as far back as 9,000 BCE. Iran has over 90 centuries engendered the development of culture and civilization. Iran has generously contributed in the history and treasures of man –kind consequently.

Iran is land of love, friendship, hospitality and kindness, when you are in Iran you will be traveling through history, from one period to another and will never feel a lonely traveler.

 Persia's first vigorous growth began in the Neolithic era, and by the third millennium B.C., it had developed into a civilization of great sophistication. Elamite is the oldest Persian dynasty established in Iran. Temple of Cheghaz is an import historical and architectural design remains from that period.

Assyrians(BC 636), defeated the Elamite dynasty before the arrival of Aryans people into Iran during the second millennium B.C. after the arrival of Medians, Persians, and Parthian they settled in west, south and east of Iran, Medians in (BC708 ) defeated  Assyrian  and set the Ecbatana as  capital. Aryans paved the way for the Achaemenian dynasty, whose achievements gloriously represented in the great palaces of Persepolis. Cyrus was the first Achaemenian Emperor of Persia issued a decree on his aims and policies, later hailed as his charter of the rights of nations. Inscribed on a clay cylinder, this known to be the first declaration of Human Rights, and is now kept at the British Museum. A replica of this is also at the United Nations in New York.

Alexander of Macedon invaded Achaemenid territory in 334 BCE, defeating the last Achaemenid Emperor Darius lll at the Battle of Issus.

     During the invasion Alexander allowed his troops to loot Persepolis and held games in honor of his victories, he lighted the torches and started the fire as the others all did the same, immediately the entire palace area consumed and burned down the Persepolis.

First Charter of the rights of nations

 I am Kourosh (Cyrus), King of the world, great king, mighty king, king of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters, son of Camboujiyah (Cambyases), great king, king of Anshân, grandson of Kourosh (Cyrus), descendant of Chaish-Pesh (Teispes), great king, king of Anshân, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingship they desire for their hearts, pleasure.

Now that I put the crown of kingdom of Iran, Babylon, and the nations of the four directions on the head with the help of (Ahura) Mazda, I announce that I will respect the traditions, customs and religions of the nations of my empire and never let any of my governors and subordinates look down on or insult them until I am alive. From now on, until (Ahura) Mazda grants me the kingdom favor, I will impose my monarchy on no nation. Each is free to accept it, and if any one of them rejects it, I never resolve on war to reign. Until I am the king of Iran, Babylon, and the nations of the four directions, I never let anyone oppress any others, and if it occurs, I will take his or her right back and penalize the oppressor and  until I am the monarch, I will never let anyone take possession of movable and landed properties of the others by force or without compensation. Until I am alive, I prevent unpaid, forced labor. Today, I announce that everyone is free to choose a religion. People are free to live in all regions and take up a job if they never violate other's rights.
No one will be penalizing for his or her relatives' faults. I prevent slavery and my governors and subordinates are obligated to prohibit exchanging men and women as slaves within their own ruling domains. Such a traditions should be exterminated the world over.
I implore to Ahura Mazda to make me succeed in fulfilling my obligations to the nations of Iran (Persia), Babylon, and the ones of the four directions.

Cyrus freed the exiled Jewish people after the conquest of Babylon.

The Achaemenid Empire defeated by Alexander in (BC 323). The Seleucid Empire replaced Alexander dynasty and established its dynasty which last 80 years and Seleucid dynasty defeated by the Parthian in 238BC.

After the conquests of Media, Elam, Assyria Babylonia, Parthian had to organize their empire, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last. As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed.

Limiting Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia), Parthian by using a heavily armed and armored cataphract cavalry, and lightly armed but highly mobile mounted archers defeated Rome’s general Mark Antony who led a disastrous campaign against the Parthian in 36 BCE in which he lost 32,000 men. By the time of Roman emperor Augustus, Rome and Parthia were settling some of their differences through diplomacy, Parthia had acquired an assortment of golden eagles, the cherished standards of Rome’s Legions captured from Mark Antony, and Cassus, who suffered "a disastrous defeat" at Carrhae in 53 BCE.

During Parthian, and later Sassanid era, trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Indian subcontinent, and Rome, and helped to lay the foundations for the modern world.

Sassanid

The Sassanid Empire is the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian Empire (226–651). The Sassanid dynasty founded by Ardashir l after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid ) king, Artabanus lV (Persian: Ardavan). The empire's traditional territory encompassed all of today’s Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Afghanistan, eastern parts of Turkic, and parts of Syria, Pakistan, Caucasia, Central Asia and Arabia. The Sassanid era, is one of the most important and influential historical periods in Iran. In many ways, the Sassanid period witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization, and constituted the last great Iranian Empire before the Muslim conquest and adoption of Islam. Persia influenced Roman civilization considerably during the Sassanid’s' times, and the Romans reserved for the Sassanid Persians alone the status of equals, exemplified in the letters written by the Roman Emperor to the Persian Shahanshah, he addressed to "my brother." Their cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China also India and play a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asiatic medieval art.

This influence carried forward to the early Islamic world. The dynasty's unique, aristocratic culture transformed the Islamic conquest of Iran into a Persian renaissance. Much of what later known as Islamic culture, architecture, writing and other skills borrowed mainly from the Sassanid Persians and propagated throughout the broader Muslim world.

From the perspective of Jewish history, the Sassanid Empire was highly significant when it became the center of the Jewish world after the destruction of the Second Commonwealth in 70 AD. The period saw major developments in Judaism, including the making of the Babylonian Talmud, when the great Talmudic Academies in   Babylonia flourished during the rabbinic era of the Amoraim.

Over the next few years, Ardashir I further expanded his new empire to the east and northwest, conquering the provinces of Sistan, Gorgan, Khorasan, Margiana (Turkmenistan), Balkh, and Chorasmia. He also added Bahrain and Mosul to Sassanid possessions. Later Sassanid inscriptions also claim the submission of the Kings of Kushan, Turan and Mekran to Ardashir, although based on numismatic evidence, it is more likely that these actually submitted to Ardashir's son. In 230 AD, he raided deep into Roman territory, and a Roman counter-offensive two years later ended inconclusively.

Ardashir I's son Shapour l (241–272) continued the expansion of the empire, conquering Bactria and the western portion of the Kushan Empire, while leading several campaigns against Rome. Invading Roman Mesopotamia, Shapour I captured Carrhae and Nisibis, but in 243 the Roman general Timesitheus defeated the Persians at Rhesaina and regained the lost territories. The emperor Gordian lll ‘s (238–244) subsequent advance down and the Euphrates was defeated at Meshike (244), leading to Gordian's murder by his own troops and enabling Shapour to conclude a highly advantageous peace treaty with the new emperor Philip the Arab (244–249), by which he secured the immediate payment of 500,000 denari and further annual payments. Shapour soon resumed the war, defeating the Romans at Barbalissos (252), overrunning Syria and sacking Antioch (253 or 256). Roman counter-attacks under the emperor Valerian (253–260) ended in disaster when the Roman army was defeated and besieged at Edessa and Valerian captured by Shapur at a peace conference and remaining Shapour's prisoner for the rest of his life. Shapour I celebrated his victory and the unprecedented achievement of capturing a Roman emperor by carving the impressive rock reliefs in Naqsh – e Rostam and Bishapur, as well as a monumental inscription in Persian and Greek near Persepolis. He exploited his success by advancing into Anatolia (260), but withdrew after defeats and lost all the territories he had occupied.

After Shapur II died in 379, he left a powerful empire to his half-brother Ardashir ll (379–383); and his son Shapor lll (383–388), neither of whom demonstrated their predecessor's talent and failed to fill his brother's shoes.

In 632AD raiders from the Arab peninsula began, attacking the Sassanid Empire Persia was defeated in the Battle of al- Qadisiyeh, paving way for the Islamic conquest of Persia.

Sassanid Empire ended when the last Sassanid Shahanshah (King of Kings), Yazdegerd lll (632–651), lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the early Islamic Caliphate, the first of the Islamic Empire.

After the Islamic conquest of Persia, Persia annexed into the Arab Umayyad Khaliphate. The Islamization of Iran was to yield deep transformations within the cultural, scientific, and political structure of Iran's society.

Taherian(826-881), Safarian(866-903), Al-e Boyeh(945-1055).ruled Persia.

Ghaznavian (977-1186)

The movement continued well into the eleventh century, when Mahmud-a Ghaznavi established a vast empire, with its capital at Isfahan and Ghazna. Their successors, the Seljuk, asserted their domination from the Mediterranean Sea to Central Asia and the divan of the empire was in the hands of Persian vaziers, who founded the Nizamiyya. During this period, Hundreds of scholars and scientists vastly contributed to technology, science and medicine, later influencing the rise of European science during the renaissance.

The Seljuk Empire (1038-1194), Kharazm Shahian (AD 1077-1231), Mongols and Taymorian(1370-1506 ).

Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before conquering eastern Anatolia. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East. After arriving in Persia, the Seljuk adopted the Persian culture and language. The Seljuk Empire founded by Tugrul Beg in 1037. Seljuk Beg's father was in a higher position in the Oghuz Yabgu State, and gave his name to both the state and the dynasty. The Seljuk united the fractured political scene of the Eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. Highly Personalized in culture and language, the Seljuk also played an important role in the development of the Turku- Persian traditions that "features Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers". Seljuk dynasty ended by Kharazm Shahian (AD 1077-1231) and Kharazmshahian  Dynasty end by a devastating Invasion of Genghis Khan.

 During this period more than half of Persia's population were killed, turning the streets of Persian cities like Neishabur into "rivers of blood", as the severed heads of men, women, and children were "neatly stacked into carefully constructed pyramids around which the carcasses of the city's dogs and cats were placed". Between 1220 and 1260, the total population of Persia had dropped from 2,500,000 to 250,000 because of mass extermination and famine. In a letter to King Louis l X of France, Holaku Khan, one of the Genghis Khan’s  grandsons, alone took responsibility for 200,000 deaths in his raids of Persia and the Caliphate dynasty in Baghdad. Invasion of Mongolians followed by another conqueror, Taymour- Lang, who established his capital in Samargand. The waves of devastation prevented many cities such as Neishabor from reaching their pre-invasion population levels until Twentieth century.

Safavids, Afshars, Zands and Qajars (1501–1920)

The Safavids were an Iranian Shi’a  dynasty of mixed Azerbaijanis and Kurdish origins that ruled Persia from 1501 to 1732. Safavids established the greatest Iranian empire.

The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the “Safaviyeh” which established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region of Iran. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, and becoming the first native dynasty since the Sassanid to establish a unified Iranian state.

The Safavids made Iran the spiritual bastion of Shi’ism acting as a bridge to modern Iran. Shah Ismail adopted the title of "Persian Emperor with its implicit notion of an Iranian state, stretching from Khorasan as far as Euphrates, and from the Oxus to the southern Territories of the Persian Gulf.

Safavid established the Shi’a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam.

The greatest of the Safavid monarchs, Shah Abbas l (1587-1629) came to power in 1587 aged 16 following the forced abdication of his father, Shah Muhammad Khudabanda.

       Shah Abbas I first fought the Uzbeks, recapturing Herat and Mashhad in 1598. Then he turned against the Ottomans recapturing Baghdad, eastern Iraq and the Caucasian provinces by 1622. He also used his new force to dislodge the Portuguese from Bahrain (1602) and the English navy from I of Hormuz (1622), in Persian Gulf (a vital link in Portuguese trade with India). He expanded commercial links with the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.

The Ottoman Turks and Safavids fought over the fertile plains of Iraq for more than 150 years. The capture of Baghdad by Ismail I in 1509 followed by its loss to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman in 1534. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad in 1623 yet lost it again to Murad lV in 1638. Henceforth a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin, established delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, a border that still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey.

Afghan army led by Mir Wais' son Sultan Mahmud marched across eastern Iran, besieged, and sacked Isfahan. Mahmud proclaimed himself 'Shah' of Persia. The Afghans rode roughshod over their conquered territory for a dozen years but prevented from making further gains by Nadir Afshar, a former slave who had risen to military leadership within the Afshar tribe in Khorasan. The defeat of Shah Sultan Hossein by Afghan rebels marked the start of the downfall of the Safavid era in 1722. One year later the last Safavid monarch lost his throne in 1734; Nader Shah successfully drove out the Afghan rebels from Isfahan in the Battle of Damghan in 1729, and established the Afsharid dynasty.

The blossoming of Persian literature, Philosophy, medicine and art became major elements of the newly forming Muslim civilization, culturally, politically, and religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization contributed to Persia emerging as what culminated into the “Islamic Golden Age”.

The Safavids moved their capital from Tabriz to Qazvin and then to Isfahan where their patronage for the arts propelled Persia into one of its most aesthetically

productive eras.

                  Zand dynasty founded by Karim Khan, in 1750, succeeded Afshar dynasty and established his capital in Shiraz. His rule brought a period of relative peace and renewed prosperity. His rule did not last long however, and he was assassinated in 1747. The Zand dynasty lasted three generations.

                  Qajars successors however gradually transformed Iran into an arena for the rising colonial powers of Imperial Russia and the British Empire.

The end of the Qajar period resulted in Persia’s constitutional revolution establishing the nation’s first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy.

Persia suffered several wars with Imperial Russia during the Qajar era, resulting in Persia losing almost half of its territories to Imperial Russia the treaties of Golestan, Turkmenchay, and Akhal, the territories included vast portion of Azerbaijan, Gorjestan, Armanestan, and vast portion of Khorasan.

Repeated foreign intervention and a corrupt and weakened Qajar rule led to various protests that ended Qajar dynasty.

Pahlavi era to the Iranian Revolution (1921–1979)

In 1921an autocrat army officer, Reza Khan (known as Reza Shah after assuming the throne) staged a coup overthrew the weakening Qajar dynasty and became Shah. In 1941, Britain and USSR invaded Iran in order to utilize Iranian railroad capacity during World War ll and forced the Shah to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

In 1951, Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh, a nationalist politician, elected prime minister. As prime minister, Mossadegh became enormously popular in Iran after he controlled the country's oil and nationalizing the Anglo –Iranian Oil Company later

(British Petroleum, BP), in response, Britain embargoed Iranian oil and

Members of the British Intelligence Service invited the United States to join in a plot to depose Mossadegh, and in 1953, President Eisenhower authorized Operation Ajax. The operation was successful, and Mossadegh surrendered, on 19 August 1953. He tried for treason, and sentenced to three years in prison.

The CIA faced many setbacks, but the covert operation soon went into full swing, conducted from the U.S. Embassy in Tehran under the leadership of Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. Iranians hired to protest Mossadegh and fight pro-Mossadegh demonstrators. Anti- and pro-monarchy protestors violently clashed in the streets, leaving almost three hundred dead. The operation was successful in triggering a coup, and within days, pro-Shah tanks stormed the capital and bombarded the Prime Minister's residence and the CIA took the lead in overthrowing Mossadegh and supporting a U.S. - friendly monarch. After Operation Ajax Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's ruler became increasingly autocratic in the following years.

With strong support from U.S and UK, the Shah was able to crush all forms of political opposition with his intelligence agency, SAVAK.

Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini became an active critic of the Shah's White Revolution, publicly denounced the government, and publicly criticized the United States government. Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini imprisoned for 18 months and after his release, The Shah persuaded General Hassan Pakravan to send him into exile first to Turkey, then to Iraq and finally to France.

The revolution began in January 1978 with the first major demonstrations against the Shah. After strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country, the Shah fled the country with his wife in January 1979. On February 1, 1979, Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini returned from exile to Tehran, enthusiastically greeted by millions of Iranians. The Pahlavi collapsed ten days later on February 11 after People overwhelmed troops loyal to the Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in armed street fighting. Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on April 1, 1979 when Iranians overwhelmingly approved a national referendum (98%).

In December 1979, the country approved the constitution, whereby Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country and replaced a monarchy with a theocracy based on Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists.

 The speed and success of the revolution surprised many throughout the world, as it had not been precipitated by a military defeat, a financial crisis, or a peasant rebellion. It produced profound change at great speed it overthrew a regime heavily protected by a lavishly financed army and security services.

Iran's relations with the United States became deeply antagonistic during the revolution. On November 4, 1979, Iranian students seized US Embassy "den of spies” and its personnel as CIA agents plotting to overthrow the revolutionary government, as the CIA had done to Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953. Females and African American released within the first months, the remaining fifty-two Spies held for 444 days students demanded the handover of the Deposed Shah in exchange for the Spies and following the Shah's death in the summer of 1980, students decided to put the spies on trial for espionage. Subsequently attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate or Rescue were unsuccessful until January 1981 when the Algiers declaration agreed on. The U.S. promised (among other things) in the accord to release Iranian assets that had been frozen, but as of 2008 those assets remain frozen.

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein decided to take advantage of what he perceived to be the Iranian Revolution unpopularity with western governments and with the Shah ousted, Hussein had ambitions to position himself as the new strong man of the Middle East. He also sought to expand Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf by acquiring

territories that Iraq had claimed earlier from Iran during the Shah's rule. Of chief importance to Iraq was Khuzestan for its rich oil fields, with these ambitions in mind, Hussein planned a full-scale assault on Iran, boasting that his forces could reach the capital within three days. On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi army invaded Iran at Khuzestan, precipitating the Iran- Iraq War. The attack took revolutionary Iran completely by surprise.

Although Saddam Hussein's forces made several early advances, by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push the Iraqi army back into Iraq. The war then continued for six more years until 1988, when Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations for the best interest of the Iranian people, region and the world.

20 December 1983. Rumsfeld visited again on 24 March 1984, the day the UN reported that Iraq had used mustard gas and nerve agent against Iranian troops.

Tens of thousands of Iranian civilians and military personnel killed when Iraq used chemical weapons in its warfare. Iraq financially backed by Egypt, the Arab

Countries of the Persian Gulf, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact States, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Brazil.

Islamic Revolution transformed Iran from a monarchy under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to an Islamic republic under Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini, the leader of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic.

In America, the crisis thought by some political analysts to be the primary reason for U.S President Jimmy Carter’s defeat in the November 1980 presidential election.

According to the constitution, the government is required to provide every citizen of the country with access to social security that covers retirement, old age, disability, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.

IRAN-RAMSAR-2

IRAN-RAMSAR-2

Tehran Province:                               Done  

 Tehran Province is one of the 30 provinces of Iran and located in north center of the country.

 Tehran province borders, Mazandaran Province to the north, Semnan province to the east, Ghazvin province

 to the west, and Qom province to the south. Tehran Province is consist of Islam Shahr, Pakdasht, Tehran,

 Damavand, Robat Karim, Ray, Savjablagh,Shemiranat, Firoz Kouh, Karaj and Varamin.

Climate  

    The northern part of the state is at the foot of the Alborz Mountain range has mild and semi dry climate

     and southern part hot and dry during the summer.

   Tehran:

Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran (Persia), the largest city in Southwest Asia and the administrative Center of Tehran Province. More than half of Iran's industry based in Tehran; Industries include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture. There is an oil refinery south of the city.

Tehran is a sprawling City at the foot of the Alborz Mountain range with an immense network of highways unparalleled in Western Asia. It is also the hub of the country's railway network. The city has numerous large museums, art centers, palace complexes and cultural centers.

In the 20th century, Tehran faced a large migration of people from all around Iran.

History:

Excavations place the existence of settlement in Tehran as far back as 6000 B C E. Tehran was well- known as a village in the 9^th century.

In the early 13^th century, following the destruction of Ray by Mongols, many of its inhabitants

escaped to Tehran. Tehran became a residence of the Safavid rulers in the 17^th century.

Shah Tahmasp I built a bazaar and a wall around the city.

On September 8, 1978, demonstrations against the Shah led to riots. The army reportedly opened fire on

The peaceful demonstrating crowed .Revolution paralyzed the country; Muhammad Reza Pahlavi fled the country

and Hazrat-e Ayatollah Khomeini on February, 1, 1979 returned From France enthusiastically greeted by

Millions of Iranians. Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on April 1, 1979.

During the 1980 –1988 Iran –Iraq War, Tehran was the scene of repeated Scud Missile and air strikes targeted

residential and industrial area within the city, resulting in thousands of civilians casualties.

Material damages repaired soon after each strike. After the war modern high- rise buildings dominate

 The city’s skyline and a new modern apartments have and are replacing the few remaining

old houses at a rapid pace.

Landmark and Tehran Modern Architecture

    Tehran is a diverse and beautiful city combining the ancient civilization of Iran with modern developments and living.

     Modern high-rise developments in Tehran demonstrate the architectural progress made in this great city and

    particular areas of bland housing demonstrate the speed at which this progress was made within some places.

   Tehran is also home to the world's fourth tallest freestanding structure, Tehran International Tower (The Milad Tower).

	The White Tower, Borje Sefid,	Modern highrises of Elahiyeh district	Goldiss

The Milad Complex         

                                                                        Tehran International Tower

       The Tehran International Trade and Conventions Center, also called The Milad Complex, is one of the largest

       structures in Iranian architecture. The complex contains the world's fourth highest tower, which has several

       restaurants, a five star hotel, a convention center, a world trade center, and an IT park. The complex

       seeks to respond to the needs of business in the globalized world of the 21st century by offering facilities

       combining trade, information, communication, convention and accommodation all in one place.

Transportation:

   Tehran currently has 3 operational metro lines (Line 1, 2 and 5) Tehran relies heavily on private cars, buses, motorcycles, and taxis, and is one of the most car-dependent cities in the world.

Ski:

The ski resort of Dizin situated to the north of Tehran in the Alborz Mountains

Within 10 minutes, driving distance from Tehran is the ski resort of Touchal. Touchal is the world's fifth highest ski resort, at over 3,730 meters (12,240 ft) at its highest seventh station.

  DIzin Ski Resort. Dizin is situated in Alborz Mountain in north of Tehran and driving time about

  Is 2.5 hours from the capital city. Dizin ski amenities include 2 hotels, 19 cottages and 7 restaurants, the ski activity in Dizin complex not confined just for winter season.

   

Tourism and Attractions:

 Tehran's Golestan Palace, National Museum of Iran, Sa’dabad Palace Complex, Glassware and Ceramics            Museum of Iran, The Carpet Museum of Iran, Tehran’s Under glass painting Museum, and Niavaran

Palace Complex. Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art features the works of great artists

such as Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol.

 Tehran is also home to the Iranian Imperial Crown Jewels, also called the Imperial Crown Jewels of Persia,

 it is claimed to be the largest, most dazzling and valuable jewel collection in the world. The collection is comprised of a set of crowns and thrones, some 30 tiaras, numerous aigrettes, jewel-studded swords and shields, a vast amount of precious loose gems, including the largest collections of emeralds, rubies and diamonds in the world. The Imperial Crown Jewels are still on display in the Iranian Central Bank in Tehran.

   Museums :

  Golestan Palace, is the oldest of the historic monuments in Tehran.

  National Museum of Iran,Kolahstudio-an Art Basement,

   Sa'd Abad Gallery of Fine Arts, Glassware Museum of Tehran, Iran's National Rug

  Gallery, Reza Abbasi Museum

  Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art,

  Tehran Theater of the Performing Arts (Te'atr e Shahr) Niavaran Palace, Kolahstudio-an Art Basement, Sa'd Abad Gallery of Fine Arts Glassware Museum of Tehran, Iran's National Rug Gallery, Reza Abbasi Museum, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art,

  Talar Vahdat Theater

  National Museum of Iran, Daraband Museum of Natural History

  Saadabad Palace, (Persian site).

  Time Museum, Evolution of time-measurement instruments. Located in Farmaniyeh district, north of Tehran

  Money Museum- coins and banknotes from different historic periods. The Museum is located in Mirdamad street.

    

    Religious centers

   Hosseiniyeh Ershad, Soltani Mosque built by Fatah Ali Shah, Atiqh Mosque, built in 1663.

   Mo'ezz o-dowleh mosque, built by Fatah Ali Shah, Haji Seyed Azizollah Mosque, built by Fatah Ali Shah, Aljavad Mosque,  Iran's first modernist design mosque, the Old Sepahsalar Mousque, another prominent Qajar era mosque, the new Sepahsalar Mosque (Madreseh e Motahari),

   Shahr Banu Mausoleum and Qajar era mosques of  Filsuf o-Dowleh, Moshir ol-Saltaneh

   and Mo'ayyer al-Mamalik.

    

Churches:

Surp Georg, 1790, Thaddeus Bartoqimus 1808, Tatavus, from the Qajar era Enjili 1867 and Assyrian Church.

City of Ray:                                                         Done

      Ray is an old city of Iran and the most historic city in the Province of Tehran. The city estimated to be     more than six thousand years old, and built during the Median Empire and known in classical times as Rhagae to the pre-Median. Some historians attribute its building to ancient mythological monarchs,

      and some others believe that Ray was the seat of a dynasty of Zoroastrian leader.

Ray is richer than many other ancient cities in the number of its historical monuments,

among which one might refer to the 3000-year-old Gebri Castle, the 5000-year-old

Cheshmeh Ali hill, the 1000-year-old Bibi Shahr Banoo tomb and Shah Abbasi caravansary.

Ray was used as a recreation center due to its beautiful attractions under the reign of the

Qajar dynasty, Fatah Ali Shah often used to explore the city. In 1831 his portrait

 engraved on a rock at Cheshmeh Ali hill and its surrounding was decorated with tablets

 covered by poetry. After the Mongol conquest of ray, the town severely damaged and burned

     people escaped to nearby city Tehran and Varamin and gradually lost its importance.

   Ray today

Ray today has been absorbed into the Tehran metropolitan city, and the rest of Tehran.

Ray has many industries and factories in operation.

 Karaj:                                                             Don

Karaj with population of 1, 377,450 is located in Tehran province and is situated 20 km west of

Tehran, at the foot of Alborz Mountains; Karaj's climate is a bit cooler than Tehran and it receives 260                          mm of rain annually. However, the city is increasingly becoming an extension of the metropolitan Tehran

The city has many historical places from Sassanid and Ashkanid era, the history of Karaj dates back many    centuries. The stone built Zoroastrian fire temple of Takht- e Rostam from the Parthian era is a

testament to this.

The economical base for Karaj is its proximity to Tehran, where transportation of products between the

capital and the Caspian Sea is central. Chemicals, fertilizers and processed agricultural goods are also

produced here. 

Natural Attractions in Tehran Province:

1-Lakes and Dams:

Amir Kabir’s Lake and Dam is in Karaj. Lar Lake and Dams is in Lar region in city of Damavand. Lake Ahang is in Firoz Kouh Road and Lake Ziyar in Haraz Road.

2 - Rivers:

Karaj, Jajroud, Lar, Habaleh, Abhar, and Taleghan.

3- Springs:

Aala in Damavand, Ghalae, Doukhtar, and Ab Ali, in Haraz Road, and hot Springs of Larijan .

4-Water-falls:

Lar( in Lar region ) in Damavand, Twins in Shemiranat, Oshon in Darband area, Shakar-Ab in Maygon region and Yakh- Kouh water fall in Damavand which is one of the most famous historical fall in the world.

Mountains and Shelters:

Damavand is the highest mountain in Iran and is located in north east of Tehran; Touchal Peak in southern slopes of Alborz Mountain, peaks and shelters Of Kolak Chal, Shelters of Palang (Leopard) Chal, And Shir Pala.

Ski Resorts:

Darband –Sar and Shemshak in north east of Tehran, Ab- Ali in Haraz Road, Dizin In Karaj and Cha-los Road.

Caves:

Gol-Zard, Rud Afshan, In Damavand, Bur-Nik in Damavand and, Firoz Kouh road,Yakh –Morad in Tehran Cha-los road and Beuk-Agha in Kan Road.

Historical Attractions:

Palaces of Saltanat-Abad, Golestan,Sorkheh Hessar, and Saheb-Ghara-niyeh.

Saltanat Abad, Old Schools of Daraolfonoon, and Marvi in Tehran. Fatah-Ali-Shah caravansary in Robat Karim, historical Castles of Tabarak, Iraj, Towers of Naghareh Khaneh,

Toghrol tower, Haron Al Rashid’s Prison remaining of the ruined city of Seljuk, and Gebri hill are in city of Ray. Cemetery of Zoroastrians, Wooden Bridge, and Shah Caravansary are in Sav-Jabalagh.

Tanghwashi masonry in Firoz Kouh, the remaining of the Sassanid’s (Soleymaniyeh Palace) and Ashkani’s (Takhte-Rostam) stone Fire Temple in Karaj, Tower of Aela-Al-dole in Varamin.

Religious Attractions:

The holy Shrines of Imamzadeh Davod, Imamzadeh Saleh Imamzadeh Abdollah, Imamzadeh Zayd and old mosques of Imam Khomeini, Seyed Azizollah, Sepahsalar, and the Holy Shrine of Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini in Tehran.

The Holy Shrines of Hazrat-e Imam Abd- Al- Azims , Imamzadeh Hadi, Mausoleum of Ebne-Babbeyeh,

The Holy Shrine of Imamzadeh Hamzeh is in city of Ray. The Holy Shrines of Imamzadeh Jafar, Hossiniyeh Joestan and The house of Ayatollah Taleghani in Savjablagh. The Holy Shrine of Imamzadeh Ghasem is In Shemiran. The Shrines of Imamzadeh Hashem and Jam-e Mosque are in Firoz Kouh.

The Holy Shrine of Imamzadeh Yahya and Jam-e Mosque is in Varamin. The Grave of prince Salman and Mausoleum of Imamzadeh Rahman are in Karaj.

Mount Damavand:

Mount Damavand at 5,604 m (18,386 ft) is the country's highest peak also is the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush. Mount Damavand is located 57 km NE of Tehran with no volcanic action in last hundred thousand years. Nearby, is the place, which called larijan with characteristics of a village. This region offers fabulous views of Mount Damavand, beautiful sceneries, river, numerous hot water springs, and friendly people. During the summer with mild and pleasant climate, the place is excellent for campers, fishers and nature lovers for vacation.

      The Azadi Tower

      The Azadi Tower (Freedom Square) is the first landmark visitors come across when arriving from

            the  Mehrabad  International Airport The construction of Azadi Tower finished in AD 1971,

     the Tower is 45 meters high, with a museum in the basement. The tower has been for

   many years an icon for Tehran and a national symbol of Iran.

The National Museum of Iran:

      The National Museum of Iran, world famous museum uniquely exhibits and covers well over 9,000        years of national symbol of Iran. Magnificent ancient Persian history, civilization and art,

      with constantly added items to the collections by new excavations. The construction of

      museum started in (A.D 1935), with supervision of Mr. Andre Godar a French nationality and

finished within two years . The museum building is a two- story building; consisting of auditorium, saloon, theatre, large exhibitions halls where archaeological, numismatic and ethnographical artifacts are. The library carries archaeological and ethnographical artifacts, coins, seals, manuscripts, variety of books, and publications in different languages and subjects such as history, archeology, and arts. This museum has been serving the culture, history and tourism of our country.

Golestan Palace

.

  Economy

      About 30% of Iran’s public-sector workforce and 45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran and

almost half of these workers work for the government, most of the remainder of workers are factory workers,     shopkeepers, and transport workers. Many foreign companies operate in Tehran because of the stability, and investment opportunities that government has provided for foreign investors. Today many modern industries of this city include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, textiles, sugar,

cement, and chemical products, it is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture.

The Tehran Stock Exchange, which is a full member of the Federation Internationale desdes Bourses dede dede Valeurs (FIBV) and a founding member of the Federation of Euro – Asian Stock Exchanges,

has been one of the world’s best performing stock exchanges in recent years.

      There is an oil refinery near Ray, south of the city. Tehran has two International Airports,

       Mehrabad and Imam Khomeini Airport.

Khorasan Razavi Province:

  Khorasan Razavi Province is one of the 30 provinces of Iran, and located in north east of the

 country the province is divided into 18 counties include Tay-e-bud,Torbat-e Jum, Torbat-e Heydareyeh,

Chenaran, Khavaf, Dargaz, Sabzevar, Sarakhs, Ferdus, Fariman, Ghochan, Kashmar, Gonabad,

Nieshabor, Bardaskan, Kamlot, Khalil Abad, and Holy city of Mashhad as its capital where, the Holy

Shrine of Hazrat-e Imam Reza 8th Shi’a Imam rested.

Climate

 The northern part of the state has mild (little cold), Semi dry and dry climate, and rest of the state

has warm, hot and dry with little rain.

History

Khorasan means land of sunshine, with many historical and ancient places. The Great Khorasan

 is the most flourishing and biggest region in Iran. This land during the Sassanid dynasty was ruled by a Espahbod (highest military rank) and assistant of four frontier controller officers. Cities of Neishabor, Marv, Harat, Balkh, were the major cities of this period.

Khorasan was until 9^th Century under Arabs occupation; the occupation ended when Taheriyan ruled

the country, and gave states its independent. Khorasan suffered a devastating Invasion by

Genghis Khan, during the invasion of Mongolians in (A.D 1218), state was destroyed and more than

half of Persia's population were killed, turning the streets of Persian cities like Neishabor into

"rivers of blood".

After Taherian ,Ghaznavian (AD 977-1186), Salajegheh(AD 1038-1194), Kharazmshahian(A.D 1077-1231)   Once again Khorasan was Invaded by Grandson of Genghis Khan (Taymourian period), and choose

Harut as capital, and later on Ozbacks Occupied the State.

During Qajar dynasty (AD 1779-1924), with interference of British Government in support of Afghans  

 who lived in east portion of Khorasan, Afghanistan separated from Iran and colonized by British.

Khorasan Razavi province is agricultural and industrial state, with products like sugar beet,

cotton and barley. The best souvenir and gift you want to bring from Khorasan is Saffron, and Zereshk.

Hand crafts

Carpet weaving, felt carpet, furrier, mason, crockery, basketry, and mat making.

Mashhad:                                                                                       

    City of Mashhad is a prairie between mountainous area of Binalud and Hezar Majles, with alpine climate.   In 9^th century Hazrat-e Imam Reza martyred near Tabas that is why they called it Mashhad "The place of martyrdom"), with a population of 2.8 million at the center of the province of Khorasan Razavi

      and center of tourism in Iran, between 20 and 25 million pilgrims go to the Hazrat-e Imam Reza’s Shrine

   every year.

Mashhad is located 850 kilometers (500 miles) east of Tehran, and is one of the holiest cities in the world

and site of the Holy Shrine  of Hazrat-e Imam Reza, 8^th Shi’a Imam and is the second largest city in Iran.

In 10^th century, King Mahmud Ghaznavi built mausoleum around the tomb, in 13^th century

 after the destruction of city of Tabas Mashhad started to grow.

Historical Attraction of Razavi Khorasan Province:

 Karat tower in Tayebud. Fire temples of Bazeh-Hoor and White Robat are in Torbat Heydariyeh.

 Tower of Radekan is in Chenaran. Kalat Naderi in Dargaz. Khosro Gard Tower, and schools of Faseheyeh, Kohneh Fakhreye, and Shariatmadar in Sabza- var, Atashkadeh Castle (fire temple) and Cave,

 Tower of Ali Abad and Firoz Abad Minaret are in Kashmar. Gonabad fire temple, Sun Palace of Mil Akhanjan, Robat Sharaf Castle, Aramgah (resting places) of Great Firdausi, Sheik Tossi,

Nader Shah (Emperor of Iran) and Ghazali in Mashhad, and Neishabor Fire Temple are the

most historical attractions in state.

Religious Attractions:

 Mausoleums of Khajeh abdollah, Prince Ghasem, Mosques of Ghyacey-e Shahrokh, and Molana,

 in Ta-ye-bad.

Sheik al Salam, Monastery in Torbat Jum. Graves of Ghotb-Al-Din, and Sheik Heydar in Torbat-e

Haydareyeh, Mosques of Malek Zozan, Gonbad Mosque  in Kha-vaf. Nadery Mosque (Kabud Gonbad) in

Dargaz Monastery of Molana, Hussein Kase-fe and Haj- Mullah Hadi-e Sabzevari, Shrines of Imamzadeh

Shaeb, Seyed Ali Akbar, Jam-e Mosques of Rostay-e Chashm, and Farumad in Sabzevar. Shrines of Imamzadeh Seyed Hamzeh and  Morteza in Kashmar.

 Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Ahmad and Jam-e Mosque are in Gonabad. Mosques of Goharshad and

  mausoleum of Har Ameli, holy shrines of

   Imamzadeh Muhammad, Imamzadeh Yahya and Hazrat-e Imam Reza are in Mashhad. Jam-e Mosque

s   shrines

of Imamzadeh Seyed Ibrahim and Mahrogh in Neishabor are the most historical attractions in Khorasan

Razavi province.

Natural attraction:

Caves of, Bezangan, Mazdarand Caves are in Sa-rakhs. Caves of Ableh, Bardeh Rostam, and Garmab Spring in     Ghochan. Fars Cave in Gonabad. Bozangan lake, recreational area  of Kouh Sanghi,Tor-ghabeh,

Shandiz, and Miame, Vakil Abad, Mellat Parks, Springs of Gilass, Gorab, Caves of Zary, Handel Abad, and

 Moghan  in Mashhad. Hot springs of Ta-Ghan Kouh, and Shahan Garmab are in Neishabor.

   Ferdowsi: (935-1020) - was born in province of Khorasan Razavi in a village near Tous, in 935

His great epic is Shahnameh ("The Epic of Kings"), which he devoted more than 35 years.

Ferdowsi started his original composition of the Shahnameh in Samanid era in 977 A.D for

    presentation to the Samanid  princes of Khorasan, who were the chief instigators of the revival

of Iranian cultural traditions after the Arab conquest of the seventh century.

His Tomb found during the archeological excavation in 1921A.D, in city of Tous and the construction

of his monument started and finished in 1929 A.D. Inside, his poets had written on stones of the wall,

 which adds to the glory of the monument. Ferdowsi has a unique place in Persian history because of the        strides he made in reviving and regenerating the Persian language and cultural traditions.

His works cited as a crucial component in the persistence of the Persian language.

Many modern Iranians see him as the father of the modern Persian language.

   his work has become sources of inspiration for many writers, poets’ artists, and Iranians always

    have great respect and admiration for him and his work.

  Neishabor:

    Neishabur with long history of civilizations has given birth to, many poets, and thinkers.

You will appreciate Neishabor for what she has to offer in terms of history when you visit the city.

  Neishabor in A.D. 653 fell in to the hands of Muslims and glory of the city started to shine in the world in    such away its name minted on Omavid’s and Abbasid’s coins and became one of the fourth largest

  cities in Khorasan with Neishabor as its capital.                                 

   Neishabor in AD, 12 and AD, 13 was destroyed by Seljuk and then by Mongolians.

   Years later the wave of devastation prevented Neishabor from reaching their pre-invasion population

   level. The city built but never found its glory again.

    

  

    

IRAN-RAMSAR-1

IRAN-RAMSAR-1

Markazi Province:                                          Done 1

Markazi Province is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The province has eight major cities namly: Ashtian, Arak, Tafresh, Khomein, Delijan, Saveh, Sarband and Mahallat. The provincial capital is city of Arak. The province experiences mild climate in summers and dry cold winters due to the mountainous terrain.

History:

Markazi province was part of the Median Empire in the first millennium BC, which included all of the central and western parts of modern day Iran. The region considered one of the ancient settlements on the Iranian plateau. In 1600 AD (Safavid era), near the city of Arak was city of Karaj with ancient civilization, the city renamed to Astaneh after the repairs of the Imamzadeh Sahl Ebne Ali’s. In recent times, the expansion of the North-South railroad and the establishing of major industries helped boost development in the area.

Local Crafts:

Markazi province is famous for its artistic handcrafts such as Sarooq carpet, rugs, glims, and giveh (cotton summer shoes).

Historical Attractions

The most important historical attractions in Markazi province are:

Mansion of Ha-j Vakil and old bazaar are in city of Arak. Hills of Bala Shahr Zolf are in city of Tafresh. Mansions of Mohtesham, house of Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini’s father, castles of Yujan and Shams in city of Khomein and Naragh bazaar in Delijan.

Caravansaries of Khamseh Abad, Pasangan, Abdolghaffar Khan, Khosh-k-e Roud,  ancient regions of Payk, Abdollah Abad, Kohak, Gharah Laghan, Susan-tamin, Aveh, and Khosro in Saveh. Caravansaries of Dodhak, jon Abad, historical petrograph of Khor-ha, temple of Khor-ha, fire temples of Atash-Kouh, Mil Miloneh, and Sassani Taymour Dam in Mahallat.

Religious Attractions:

Holy shrines of Imamzadeh Muhammad Abed, Hava Khatun, Prince Abdollah and mausoleum of seventy-two are in city of Arak. Mausoleum of Abo Alala, holy shrines of Imamzadeh Shahzadeh (Prince) Ahmad, Imamzadeh Shahzadeh (prince) Ghasem and dome of BeBe are in Tafresh. Shrines of Imamzadeh Esmail, Imamzadeh Abdollah are in city of Khomein. Holy shrines of Hazrat-e Masomeh and Agasha-Bulbul are in Delijon. Jam-e Mosque and Maydan-e (square) Saveh in city of Saveh. Shrine of Imamzadeh Sohail Eb-ne Ali is in Sarband. Mosques of Jam-e and Taymour are in Mahallat.

Natural attractions:

Mighan Lake, caves of Shah Zand, Solleh Khotra, and Sefid Khani in Arak.

Hot waters mineral springs of Garov, cave of Ali Khorand-e are in Tafresh. Khordad, 15 Dam and Lake, caves of Chal Fakh-jir, Kohak are in Delijan. Ghadir Dam in Saveh area, hot springs of Shafa, springs of Sulimani, Mahallat, and caves of Azad Khan, Sorakh-e Gov, and Yekeh Chah in Mahallat.

Hormozgan Province:                            Done 2

Hormozgān is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country, facing Oman. Its area is 68,475 km² (26,438 sq mi), and its provincial capital is Bandar Abbas. The province has 14 islands located in the Persian Gulf, and 1,000 km (620 mi) of coastline.

The province has eleven major cities, namely: Bandar Abbas, Abumusa, Bandar Lengeh, Bandar Jask, Haji Abad, Rudan, Qeshm Island, Minab, Bastak, Bandar Khamir, and Parsian. In 2006, the population of the province was at almost 1.5 million.

The province experiences a very hot and humid climate summers and very little precipitation year round.

Hormozgan has four and five star hotels with modern amenities. The Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran lists 212 sites of historical and cultural significance in the province.

Hormozgan today has 11 ports, 5 national airports, and 3 international airports. The province has an active agriculture sector, ranking first in Iran in Lime Production and second in Date Production. Almost 30% of Iran's fishery produce comes from this province. Two major hydro dams serve the water needs of the province, namely Jegin Dam and Shemil Dam and have two free trade zones, one in Kish, the other on Qeshm Island.  

History

Although Hormozgan known to have had settlements during the Achaemenid era, and when Nearchus passed through this region, recorded history of the main port of Hormozgan begins with Ardashir l of Persia of the Sassanid Empire.

The province said to have been particularly prosperous between 241 BC  and 211BC,  and have grown even further in trade and commercial significance after the arrival of the Islamic era.

Marco Polo visited the port of Bandar Abbas in 1272 and 1293, and reported widespread trading in Persian jewelry, the Ivory and Silk of IndoChina, and pearls from Bahrain in the Bazaars in the port of Hormuz.

In 1497, European colonialists landed in the region for the first time, headed by Vasco da Gama. In 1506, the Portuguese, led by Alfonso d Albuquerque invaded the area with seven warships, under the pretext of protecting their interests from Egypt and Venice. The port of Hormuz was at this time considered a strategic port for commercial interests in the Persian Gulf.

Shah Ismail l was trying to counter the Ottoman Empire to the west, was unable to save the port from the Portuguese, until Shah Abbas l with the help of British was finally able to drive them out of the Persian Gulf.

The British meanwhile were competing for influence in the region with Dutch colonialists who finally invaded Qeshm Island and dispatched warships to Bandar Abbas during the final years of Shah Abbas' reign. The Persian government was unable to defend itself against this attack. However, with the souring of British and Dutch relations, military tensions further grew in the region. The Dutch finally resorted to moving their base up to Kharg Island.

The Governer (Mir Mahna) was able to defeat the Dutch forces at Kharg, leaving the British firmly in charge of the entire region. Soon Britain took control over the entire Persian Gulf via the interests of British East Indian Company.The British adopted a policy of encouraging local autonomy throughout the Persian Gulf to prevent any possible formidable unified force from threatening their establishments in the Persian Gulf. The strategic importance of the Persian Gulf further increased after World War 1 with the discovery of oil in the region.

Handcrafts and Souvenirs

The handcrafts of Hormozgan Province are earthenware pots khown as hableh, textiles worked with laced gold or silver, beding sheets, rugs, carpets, baskets, mats

and handcrafts made of shells.

Historical Attractions

The most impotant historical attraction sites in Hormozgan Province are:

Emarat-e Kolah Farangi, Mansions of Laft, Khamir in Bandar Abbas. Lashtun Mansion is in Bandar Lengeh. Portuguese Castle, ancient hills of Kolghan are in Qeshm Island and ancient city of Hormuz.

Religiouse Attractions:

Mosques of Dejgun Manbar Kohneh and Jam-e, holy shrines of Imamzadeh Shah Muhammad Taghi, Khajeh Nasir are in Bandar Abbas. Mosque of Malek Ebne Abbas is in Bandar Lengeh. Shrines of Be Be Maryam and Seyed Mozafar and Jam-e Mosque in Qeshm.

Natural Attractions:

Mineral hot water sring of Gano, forests of Mongro and protected wildlife zone of Gano, in Bandar Abbas. Hot spring of Badun, Asak, Malayeji, Charak, Faryub, and Fatuy-e are in Bandar Lengeh. Hot water spring of Haji Abad and Deh-e Sheikh are in Haji Abad, protected wild life zone of Shatur in Lavan.

Hamadan Province:                                                  Done  3

Hamadan Province is one of the 30 provinces of Iran located in west center of the country and its provincial capital is Hamadan, the province consists of eight counties namely: Hamadan, Asad Abad, Bahar, Toysergan, Razan, Kabodar Ahang, Malayer, Nahavand. The attraction of this friendly state lies in, waterfalls, numerous historic places, striking mountain scenery, dense forests, water springs, as well as amazing stalactite caves, stunning landscapes, splendid natural scenery, and unique local handcrafts.

In summer, it is one of the most popular attractions for vacationers and tourists from near and distant places.

The state enjoys steppe climate with mild summers and very cold and freezing winters.

History

Hamadan Province is one of the ancient cities with long history of civilization in the world. Excavations give evidence to existence of urbanization phase of civilization for more than three millennium years.

Hamadan’s name has been mentiond in history books and documents which dates back to 1100- BCE and the structure of the city to 700- BCE by Diya Eko- Median Emperor

Hamadan in ancient days called Ekbatana and was capital in medes and Achaemen era.

During the invasion of Arabs, Hamadan lost its educational and cultural values but still was the center of trade in old Persia. In 5^th century, raids from GosTurks and later in 7^th century a devastating invasion of Mongolians destroyed the city and turned the streets to “rivers of blood “. Today Hamadan is great city and has a lot to offer.

Local Crafts

        Ths most important handcrafts of the province are earthenware, ceramic, carpet, rug,    gelim (coarse carpet), coarse blankets, jajim, leather handcrafts and giveh (cotton summer shoes).

Historical Attractions

The important historical attractions are:

Bath houses of Farsige, and Goalestan, Asad-Abad caravanserai, memorial tomb of Seyed Jamal AlDin Asad Abadi, bridge of Khosro Abad, mansion of Hessam Almolk in Asad Abad, castle of Ashtran, Farsfaj bridge, caravanserai of Shah Abbas in Toyserkan, bridges of Kori jan and jahan  Abad in Kabodar Ahang. Noshijan castle, old bazaar and hill of Pary in Malayer.Bath house of Haji Aga Torab, hills of Gian in Nahavand. Alvand and Dokhtar castles, caravanserai of Yarim Giyeh, old bazaar, Ganj Nameh (treasure inscription), Ancient hills of Hegmataneh, Passya and Sherange are in city of Hamadan.

Religious Attraction:

Shah Tahmosb and Sultani Mosques,  holy shrine of Imamzadeh Ab Dollah Ebne Mousa AlKazem and Seyedan in Asad Abad, Mosques of  Aazam, Sheik Alikhan holy shrine of Imamzadeh Mehrabad and Naser in Toysirkan. Mosque of Sheikh Almolouk,

holy shrines of Gorgan and Zobideh Khaton are in Malayer. Jam-e Mosque and Two Sisters Shrines in Nahavand, Mosque of Nazar Big and Payghambar, holy shrines of Imamzadeh Khazar and Azna in Hamadan (in summer this place draws the attention of numerous pilgrims from neighboring townships and distant places).

Natural Attractions:

Peer Suliman pond in Asad Abad, beautiful sight seeing of Simineh Roud in city of Bahar. Sarab Pool, Tarik Dareh Ski Resort, hunting grounds of

Gezel Arsalan and Kochall, Afshar springs in Toyserkon, scenery and site seeing of Kocheh-chang Almas in Kabodar Ahang, site seeing of Sardeh and

Garmeh Mountains are in Malayer. Pond of Kurd Khord, scenery and recreational area of Grow and Yellow Mountains in Nahavand, Ganji Nameh water fall,  scenery and recreational area of of Abbas Abad, Moradbake, Kalaglan, Devin Canyons, and Alisadr Caves are located about 75 kilometers north of Hamadan. Ali Sadr Cave in Hamadan is the largest cave in the world.

Ardabīl                                                                                                     Done 4

Ardabil is one of 30 Provinces of Iran and it is located in the north-west of the country. The province is divided to eight counties include Bileh Savar, Pars Abad, Khalkhal, Kosar, Garmi, Meshkin Shahr, Namin and  Ardabil is the capital of Ardabil province.

Climate and Geography

Many tourists come to the region for its cool climate during the hot summer months. The winters are bitter cold.

Its famous natural region is the Sabalan Mountains. The majority of Ardabil province's population is composed of Azarbiajanis. Northeastern part of the province is habitated by Talysh. Large parts of the province are green and forested.

Neighbouring on the Caspian Sea and the Republic of Azerbaijan, the city is of great political and economical significance. The province blessed with splendid natural beauty and numerous sights.

History Ardabil                                         

The origins of Ardabil dates back 4000 to 6000 years (according to historical research in this city), and history of Ardabil has close connections to that of Azarbaijan province.

The province believed to be as old as the Archaemenid era and it mentioned in the Avesst, where Zoroaster born by the Aras river and wrote his book in the Sabalan Mountains. During the Islamic conquest of Iran Ardabil was the largest city in Azarbaijan, and remained so until the invation of Mongols (AD1220). City of Ardabil distroyed by Monglians and rebuilt again in safavid era. People of Ardabil are Arian Race and mostly in farming and animal husbandry.

This city was the capital of Azarbaijan province in different times, but its golden age was in the Safavid era period.

Safavid Dynasty, Shah Ismail Safavi l started his campaign to nationalize Iran's government and land from here, but consequently announced Tabriz as his capital in 1500CE. Yet Ardabil remained an important city both politically and economically until modern times.

Culture and Sights

 Ardabil province has many hot springs and beautiful natural landscapes and this attracts tourists. The mineral springs of Ardabil are Beele-Darreh, Sareyn, Sardabeh and Booshloo, being famous for their medicinal qualities throughout Iran. It has also many beauty lakes: the largest of which are Ne'or, Shoorabil, Shoor Gel, Nou Shahr and Aloocheh that are the habitats of some species of water birds. The beautiful Lake Ne'or is located in a mountainous area 48 km southeast of the city of Ardabil.

Lake Shoorabil is located in a hilly area south of the city of Ardabil. The surface of the lake covered with a thin white layer of minerals, being useful for healing skin diseases and rheumatism. Near the lake, there is the leisure complex of Shoorabil,

Handcrafts and souvenirs

Ardabil Province is well known for its carper, wickerwork,wool hand woven cloth, coarse rug, felt carpet, different metal and wooden worksinlaid, silver objects, silk, earthenware,

cushion and other handcrafts as well as sweets such as halva.

Historical Attractions

The significant historical Attractions are:

Collections of Sheikh Safivi, Old Bazaar, old  houses, hills of Narenj Tapeh, Sarghin, Ag Imam, Gover Tapahsi, Olo Tapasi, Miyan Tapeh, old cemeteries of Sham, Asbi, Karjan,

Tower of Shater Gonbadi, Wind Village’s Dakhmeh (cript) Sangi in village of wind are in city of Ardabil. Yakhgon Cave and cave of Haft Khaneh are in Khalkhal. Castle of Oltan, birdge of Khoda Afarin, old cemetery of Aslandor are in Dasht-e Moghan, Petrogaph of Shapour Sassani, old cemetery of Anar, old castles of Aghjeh, Div Galase in Meshkin Shahr.

Religiouse Attractions

Imortant religious attractions are:

Holy shrines of Imamzadeh Saleh, mosques of Mirza, Ali Akbar, and Jam-e, church of Hazrat-e Maryam, in Ardabil, holy shrines of Imamzadeh Mirzaman, and Seyed Ibrahim, Mosques of Jam-e, and New, in Khalkhal, mausoleum of Shikh Haidar, and, holy shines of Imamzadeh seyed suliman in Meshgin Shahr.

Natural attractions

Ponds of Ganjgah, Noshar, Shoorgol, Mullah Ahmad, Peer Alfaghir, wild life habitat and forest of Sabalan’s loops, Gor Gor Falls, Saraein’s  hot water springs of Bileh Darreh in Ardabil, hot water spring of Khosh Nameh, Village of Garm Khaneh’s hot mineral water in Khalkhal. Receational are of Orsi Abad’s artificial Lake Shahrak in Moghan Valley, hot water springs of Moiel, Ilan, and Doghan, srings of Ganirjeh, Ilavand and Petrograph of Shapour Sassani in Meshkin Shahr.  

Khozestan Province                                                               Done 5

Kozestan Pronvince is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in southwest of the country, bordering Iraq and Persian Gulf and its capital is Ahvaz. The province is divived to 16 couties include Abadan, Omidiyeh, Andimeshk, Ahwaz, Izel, Baq-e-Malek, Bandar Mah Shahe, Behbahan, Khorramshahr, Dezful, Dasht-e Azadegan, Ramhormoz, Shadegan, Shosh, Shushtar, and Masjed Soleiman.

The abundance of water and fertility of soil have transformed this region into a rich and well-endowed land. The variety of agricultural products such as  wheat, barley,oily seeds, rice, ucalyptus, medical herbs; the existence of many palm and citrus farms; having mountains suitable for raising olives and Sugar Cane of this fertile plain. The abundance of water supplies, rivers, and dams, also has an influence on the fishery industries, which are prevalent in the area.

Climate

The province of Khuzestan can be divided in, two regions plains with hot, dry, and mountainous regions mild and semi- warm.

The plain regions include south and west of province with hot and humid climate.

History

Khuzestan is the most ancient Iranian province and is often referred to as the "birthplace of the nation," since this is where the Persians one of the branches of Aryan tribes first settled, assimilating the native Elamite population , and thus laying the foundation for the future dynastic empires of Achaemenid, Parthia,  and Sassanid. The pre-Islamic Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of the province as Khuzestan. Khuzestan is also, where the medical college and the town of Jundi Shapour located.

French archeologists such as Jaquses De Morgan date the civilization here as far back as 8000 BC when excavating areas such as Tal-i Ali-Kosh. The first large scale empire based here was that of the powerful fourth millennium BC Elamites.

Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization, a non-Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and "the earliest civilization of Persia".

In fact, in the words of Elton L. Daniel, the Elamites were "the founders of the first Iranian empire in the geographic sense." Hence the central geopolitical significance of Khuzestan, the seat of Iran's first empire.

The provincial capital, Ahwaz is the anagram of "Avaz" and "Avaja" which appear in Darius the Great' epigraph. This word appears in Naqsh-e Rostam inscription as "Khaja" or "Khooja".

.

As the Seljuk dynasty weakened, Mehrdad l  the Parthian (171-137 BC), gained ascendency over the region. During the Sassanid dynasty, this area thrived tremendously and flourished.  

The Arab invasion thus brought Khuzestan under occupation of the Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Khaliphates, until Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, from southeastern Iran, raised the flag of independence once more, and ultimately regained control over Khuzestan, among other parts of Iran. Khuzestan From that point on, Iranian rullers would continue to rule the region in succession as an important part of Iran.

During the Qajar era, Ahwaz flourished again with new buildings and industries.

Being on the border with Iraq, Khuzestan suffered the heaviest damage of all Iranian provinces during the Invasion of Iraq (1980-1988).What used to be Iran's largest refinery at Abadan destroyed, never to fully recover. Many of the famous nakhlestans (palm groves) annihilated, cities were destroyed, historical sites were demolished, and nearly half the province were distroyed by Saddam's invading army. This created a mass exodus into other provinces that did not have the logistical capability of taking in such a large number of refugees.

However, by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push Saddam's forces back into Iraq. The battle of "the Liberation of Khorram shahr" (one of Khuzestan's largest cities and the most important Iranian port prior to the war) was a turning point in the war, and is officially celebrated every year in Iran. Today Ahwaz is a modern community nestled among the palm groves lining the Karoon River As a focal point of Iran’s oil industry and town is one the country’s economic capitals.

Iran National Heritage Organization lists 140 sites of historical and cultural significance in Khuzestan.

UNESCO has designated an area in the province, called Arjan (known as Dasht e Arjan) as a biosphere reserve.

Historical Attractions:

The remaining of ruind ancient city of Sassani loor ( beginning of Islamic era ), remaing of the ruined city of Aelami Zafran Dasht, Domes of Amir Yousef, Baba Lang, Imam Reza Daymi Donabdar in Andimeshk. Ahwaz Birdge, old buildings of Jondi Shapour Univercity is in city of Ahwaz. Ancient cemetery of Shami

(Sassanid era), remaining of Susan, Shami (Parthian era), remaining of Shalo, Shivand, Castle of Dehdaz and Tange Nashlil are in Izeh city. Remaining of the ruined Manjig (Ilamian era) is in Bagh-malek. Kasra and Arjan Bridge (Sassanid era,), remaining of ruined city of Beh Govaz, petrograph of Tang Solak (Parthian era), Mansions of Kolah Farangi, Tang-eTotkab’s inscriptions of Safavid are in city of Behbahan. Old bridge of Sassani (oldest bridge in the world), Safavid era caravanseri, Chaghamish Hill and remaing of the jundi shahpour city (Sassanid era) are in city of Dezful. castle of Davod or Davod Doukhtar( Sassanid era ),Taghe Nosrat (Sassanid era ),Tomb of Hormoz (Sassanid era) in Ramhormoz, Shadravan Birdge, castle of Salasel (Sassanid era,), Ghaysar Throne, ancient city of Veskova (Partian era), house of Mostofi, Shosh (susa ) Ancient hill of Shosh, famouse castle of Shosh, world famouse temple of Yazigorat Choghaz Nabil (13 BC) are near the city of Shosh.

Iran National Heritage Organization lists 140 sites of historical and cultural significance.

In Khuzestan.UNESCO has designated an area in the province, called Arjan (known as Dasht e Arjan) as a biosphere reserve.

Religious Attractios:

Holy shries of Imamzadeh Abdollah in Baghmaled, shrines and mausoleum of Magom, Haydar, Reza, and Seyed are in Behbahan. Shrines and mausoleums of Alamdar, Be Be Gaj, Khajeh Khazar, are in Ramhormoz. Shah Safi Mosque and Jam-e Mosque of Shoshtar( Islamic era), shrines and mausoleum of Anbar, Agha Barakat, Shah Abulgasem in Masjed Soliman shines and mausoleum of Seyed Abbas, Seyed Taher, and Danial are the most religious attractions of the Khozestan province.

Natural Attactions:

Springs of Aein Khosh, Delloran in Andimeshk, and beautiful river of Karoon in Ahwaz, lake behind the Dezfol Dam, hot mineral spring of Golgir, and lake behind the Abbaspour Dam in Masjed Soliman are the most attraction places in Khozestan province.

Cuisine

Seafood is the most important part of Khuzestani Cuisine, but many other dishes also featured. A popular dish that is prepared with heavy spices, onions and cilantro simply called soboor ("shad"), after its main ingredient, a species of fish found in southern Iranian waters. Other provincial specialties include kuli-mahi ("fish stew"), kuli-meygu ("shrimp stew"), ashe-mohshala (a Khorramshahri breakfast soup), sar shir (an Andimeshki  breakfast of heavy cream), halim (a Shushtari ) breakfast of wheat meal with shredded lamb) and kohbbeh (a deep-fried rice cake with ground beef filling and other spices ).

Zanjan Province:                                      Done 6                            

Zanjan Province is one of the 30 provinces of Iran and located in north-west of the country and its provincial capital is Zanjan. The province is consist of seven counties include Abhar, Ejrood (zarin Abad), Khodabandeh (gaydar), Khorramdarreh, Zanjan, Tarom, and Mahneshan.   .

      Climate

Zanjan Province has a Mediterranean climate characterized by cold snowy weather in the mountains, moderate climate and semi dry in the plains in wintertime.

History of Zanjan Province

Discovery in the area of Egrud indicates Zanjan Province with old history, which goes back to third millinium B.C. During Ilkhanid Dynasty (A.D1256-1353), Sultan Muhammad Khodabandeh choosed Zanjan as Capital and city started to grow, and became one the major city of Iran. Zanjon during the invasion of Mongolians (A.D 1220), destroyed and city of Sultaniyeh near Zanjon became capital.  Zanjon referred to as Aganzana. It is said that the Sassanid king Ardashir 1 of Persia, reconstructed the city and called it Shahin but later it was renamed to Zangan, of which the present name is the arabicized formof, In past times Zanjan's name was Khamseh, which means "province with five tribes".

Local Crafts

       Zanjan known for its beautiful handcrafts such as knives, traditional sandals called       charoogh and malileh. Malileh is a handcraft made with silver wires. Zanjanian artists

make many things like various decorative dishes and their special covers as well as         silver jewelry. Many villagers today are traditional carpet and rug weavers.

Historica attractions

Sultaniyeh Dome ((made of bricks) which is one of the biggest in the world with beautiful architectural design built during Ilkhanid dynastys, Magarehay-e Dash Kassan,

hills of Alamdar, and Saeed abad are in city of Abhar. Mansions of Zolfagary, castles of Shemiran, Sunsez, and Seteye,caravansarais of Golshan, Malek, old public baths of Ghaysareyeh, Haji Dadash, Mirbaha Al-din, Rakhtshur khaneh(a traditional Qajari era laundry house), bridges of Mirbaha Al-din, Sardar, and haji Seyed Muhammad in City of Zanjan. Zanjan's Museum of Anthropology and Safavid era Bazaar are very interesting places to visit.

Religious sites:

Jam-e, and Gharaveh Mosques, shrines of Imamzadeh Zayd Alkabir, Muhammad Ibrahim and Esmail, are in Abhar city. Jam-e Mosque of Sajas, Mausoleum of Ghaydar Nabi in city of Khodabandeh, Mosques of Jam-e, Mirzaie and Gholamir, Shrine of Imamzadeh Seyed Ibrahim in city of Zanjan are the important historical religious sites in Zanjan Province.

Natural attractions:

Hot srings of Garmab, Incredible Kataleh Khor cave In Khodabandeh, mineral springs of Vantagh, Abdal, Arkoyen, Angoran, Allah Balaghe, Nigjeh, and preserved area of Angorun in Zanjon.

Semnān:                               Done 7

 Semnan Province is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran. It is in the north center of the country, and its center is Seman. The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square Kms, stretches along the Alborz mountain range, and borders to Dasht-e Kavir desert in its southern parts. The province is divided to four counties include Semnan, Damghan, Shahroud, and Garmsar. Province had a population of about 501,000; in 2006, Semnan city (the capital of the province) had a population of 119,778.

Climate

The province divided into two parts: mountainous region, and the plains at the foot of the mountains. The mountainous region offers a scope for recreational activities and has mild to cold temperature and the plain region is hot and dry.

Crafts, Arts, and Snacks

The most artistic handcrafts made in state are:

Carpet, coarse carpet, penmanship, crockery, ceramic, and other handcrafts products, are perfect gifts and souvinirs

Semnan is also famous for its best pistachio and dried fruit.

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History

Semnan during the Medes and Archaemenid periods was part of Parthian dynasty regions. During Sassanid era, it accounted for being one of the largest provinces of the empire.

During the Islamic era, Semnan was part of the historical region of Gomess or Komesh, and The Silk Road paved its way from the midst of this region. Semnan was witness to numerous wars in history, in 10^th century GhozTurks; and Mongolians in 13^th century destroyed the city.The city was rebuilt again.

Historical Attractions:

Pre historical Hills of Hesar, resting place (Aramgah) of Peer Alamdar (Islamic era),

round tower of Chehel Doukhtars (Seljukian era.), AD 1038-1194 and brick tower of Mehmundust (SelJukian era.), in city of Damghan, Arg Sultani Gate (Qajar era.), AD 1779- 1924.

Caravansari of Shah Abbas is in city of Semnan. Castle of Biyar is in Shahroud. Caravansararais of Garmsar, Deh Namak, and Ivanaki, old bathhouses of Nine Hesar, Muhammad Abad and Chahar Bashlo, old water storage of Ali Abad, Nasar, and Kushk, old palaces of Siyah Kouh (Black Mountain), old castle of Shah Abbas, and Aien-al-rashid in Garmsar, are the most attraction places in Semnan Province.

The Cultural Historical Heritage Organization of Iran lists 470 sites of historical and cultural heritage such as palaces, forts, castles, caravansarais, ab anbars, badgirls, in Semnan.

Religious Attractions

Important religious sites in Semnan Province are:

Shines of Imamzadeh Jafar and Imamzadeh Mahmoud, Jam-e Mosque are in Damghan. Jam-e and Sultani Mosques are in Semnan. Seljuki Bastum Mosque and monastery of Ba-yazid Bastami are in Shahroud. Jam-e Mosque of Garmsar is in Garmsar.

Natural Attractions:

Most interesting natural attraction of Semnan province include preserved wild life area

of Shahroud and Parvar and beautiful scienaries of Darband in city of Semnan.

Sistan and Baluchestan Province:                      Done 8

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Sistān and Balūchestān is one of the 30provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakestan and Afghanistan and and its capital is Zahedan, with a population of 420,000 inhabitants.

The province is the largest in Iran, with an area of 181,600 km² and a population of 4.1 million. The counties of the province are Iranshar, Chahabahar, Khash, Zabol, Zahedan, Saravan and Nik shahr. In the south and west of Sistān and Balūchestān, the majorities of people are Balochi and speak the Baluchi Language.

Geography and culture

The province comprises two sections, Sistan in the north and Baluchestan in the south. The combined Sistan & Baluchestan province today accounts for one of the driest regions of Iran with a slight increase in rainfall from east to west, and an obvious rise in humidity in the coastal regions.

History

In the epigraphs of Bistoon and Persepolis, Sistan mentioned as one of the eastern territories of Darius the Great. The name Sistan, as mentioned above, is derived from Saka (also sometimes Saga, or Sagastan), one of the Aryan tribes that had taken control over this area in the year 128 BCE. During the Arsacid Dynasty (248 BC to 224 CE), the province became the seat of Suren-Pahlav Cin. (From Sassanid until the early Islamic period).

During the reign of Ardashir 1 of Persia, Sistan came under the jurisdiction of the Sassanids, and in 644CE, the Arab Muslims gained control as the Persian Empire was in its final moments of collapsing.

The region witnessed particularly heavy damage during the Mongol assault.

In 1508 CE, Shah Ismail 1 of the Safavid dynasty conquered Sistan. The ancient name of Baluchestan was Moka and through the passage of time, it changed to Mokran / Makran, which is now the southern sector of Baluchestan. This territory came to be known as Baluchestan from the time that the Baluch tribs settled here. According to the relics discovered in the hillocks of Baluchestan, the history of this region dates back to the 3000 BCE.

During the reign of the second caliph of Islam, this territory conquered by the Arabs and an Arab commander assigned as governor. In 916 CE, Baluchestan liberated by the Daylamids and thereafter the Seljukids. During Qajar era (AD 1779-1924), the provice divided to two parts Sistan and Baluchestan.

Historical Attractions:

Casstles of Spe- Dej, Dast-e Muhammad Khan, Pip, Feroz- Abad, Heriduk, Buzman, Daman, Maskotan, And Chel- DouKhtar ( Forty Girls ), And Naseri in  city of Iranshahr,an Important archeological findings of Shar-e Sokhteh (Burned City), Hills of Tasoki, Dahaneh-e Gholaman, castles of Taymour, Zabol, and Mil- Ghasem in city of Zabol. Castle of Sum and Robat Shorgaz caravansary of Robut are in Zahedan.

Old castle of Ghasr-e Ghandar is in Chabahar. Hills of Klartak, Robahak, Mahtub Kha-zaneha Kohak,

Seer Mir Omar and Castle of Seeb are in Saravan.

Religious Sites:

Mosques of Hakim and Sharife are in Zabol, Jam-e Mosque and Mosque-e Jam-e Tashayo Zahedan. Shrine of Imamzadeh Gholam Rasoli in Chahbahar, Mosque of Daralolum and Old Mosque in Saravan are important historical religious sites in Sistān and Balūchestān Province.

Natural attractions:

Hot Springs of Kantiy-e Tong, Horiyan, Maksan, Tasht, Jamshid, Spedej, Pozehe Dabagh, preserved area of Bozmun, Katokan Mine, wild life sanctuary of Buzman, Forest park of Bampour in Iranshahr. Springs of Scal Abad, Kashmun and Gouband promenades are in Zahedan, Mineral Springs of Dushing, Shargh Taftan, Zang, Morghab (duck), Torshab, Ganj-e Amin and Barrab, hot springs of Bar Abbak and Taftun Park in Khash and forests of Nakhla Saravan and Hirnand River in Zabol.

The two most important tribes of the proviprovince are the Brahui and Baluch tribes. Their means of livelihood, life-style, and mode of dwelling, customs, traditions, and tribal paths all form a cultural background worth seeing.

Kerman Province:                                     Done 9

Kerman province is located in the south- east of Iran and its capital is Kerman the counties of the province are: Baft, Bardsir, Bam, Jiroft, Ravar, Rafsanjan, Zarand, Sirjan, Shahr-e Babak, Kahnoj, and Kerman (11 Counties). The North, North West and central portion of province is mild and dry to the south, southeast hot, and semi damp.

Geological Characteristics

For the Iranian Paleontologists, Kerman considered a fossil paradise. Finding new dinosaur footprints in 2005 has now revealed new hopes for Paleontologists to understand better the history of this area.

Kerman

Kerman capital of Kerman province is located on a high margin of Kavir-e lut in the central south of the country and distance of 1,076 km (669 mi) south of Tehran.

Kerman mentioned by the Greeks by the name Karamani. Historical documents also refer to Kerman as Karmania and Zhermanya. The Sassanid King Ardashir 1 probably founded the city in the 3^rd century, and for the reason it called"Ardashir Khoreh". Iranians used to call it Guashir.

It believed, that Kerman founded as early as the 3rd century by Ardeshir 1, founder of the Sassanian dynasty. In Islamic time, Kerman was one of the important cultural centres of Iran.

Kerman was under the Seljuk Turks in the 11th and 12th cent., but remained virtually independent, conquering Oman and Fars. When Marco Polo visited the city in 1271, it had become a major trade emporium linking the Persian Gulf with Khorasan and Central Asia, the city sacked many times by various invaders.

Kerman expanded rapidly during the Safavid Dynasty. Carpets and rugs exported to England and Germany during this period.

In 1793, Lotfali Khan defeated the Qajars and in 1794 captured Kerman. Soon, Agha Mohammad Khan besieged him in Kerman for six months.

The present city of Kerman rebuilt in the nineteenth century to the northwest of the old city, but it did not recover until the twentieth century.

 Historical Attractions

The most important historical sites in Kerman Province are:

 Old and new citadel (arg) of city of Bam, castle of Samorun is in Jiroft. Bagh-e Sangi, is in Sirjan. Collections of literary work of Ganjali Khan, caravansaries of Chahar Sogh, Vakil, Mirza Alinaghi,Lahaf Dozha, Haj Mehdi, Hendoha (indian), Haj Agha Ali, schools of Ganjali Khan, Hayati, Ibrahim Khan, bazaars of Arg Square, and old neighborhood of Darvazeh Vakil, Naseri, and Gonbadun Gate in Kerman and the archeological ancient city of Jiroft is located south of Kerman.

Religiouse attractions

Most important religiouse attractions in Kearman Province are:

 holy shrine of Imamzadeh Shah Suliman, Mosque of Sabahi in Rafsanjan. Mosques of Jam-e and Chehel Soton (forty pillars) are in Kerman.

Natural Attractions

Country side of Kabri, citrous and date yards, summer residence of Delfard and Darba

Behesht, are in Jiroft, spring of Hussein Abad, Ghasem Abad, and Abadavaran are in Rafsanjan.

Mineral spring of Sirjan. Summer residences of Mahan, Jopar, Rayn, Kouhpayeh,

and Prince Mahan Park are in Kerman.    

Economy and Crafts in Kerman provice

Carpet and rug weaving is one of the main industries of the city, and the carpets produced there are renowned internationally. Carpet weaving is a very old tradition in Kerman. The oldest carpet discovered in Kerman, belongs to about 500 years ago, which proves the precedence of weaving in this city. Cashmere, coarse carpet and cotton textiles and goats-wool shawls also manufactured.

Kerman Airport counted as one of the main airports that have daily & weekly flights to main cities in the country. In addition, the Trans Iranian Railway passes through this city.

A number of modern establishments such as textile mills and brickworks also been constructed. The province's mineral wealth includes copper and coal.

Pistachio of Kerman and Rafsanjan are best of the main Items in Keman province.

Kermanshah Province                               Done 10

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Kermanshah Province is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran and located in the west of the country, bordering Iraq and its capital is Kermanshah. Provice divided into ten counties include Kermanshah, West Islam Abad, Paveh, javan Roud, Sar-e-Pol-e Zohab, Sanghar, Sahneh, Ghasr-e Shirin, Gilan Gharb, and Harsin. Province has a moderate and mountainous climate.

City of Kermanshah

Kermanshah is capital of Kermanshah Province, in the Karkheh River valley. The city is the commercial center for grain, flour, rice, vegetables, fruits oil seeds, beet, textiles, cement, oil and sugar refineeries sugar, and carpets produced here. Founded in the 4th century, Kermanshah has long been an important market center by virtue of its position on the caravan route from Hamadan to Baghdad. East of the city are the cliffs that bear the Bisetun inscription, which became the key to deciphering several ancient Middle Eastern writings.

The distance between Kermanshah and Tehran is 525 km. The airport is located in north east of the city, and the distance from Tehran is 413 km by air. Kurdish is the main language in the province with some Arab and Turk minorities.

History

The Province has a rich paleolithic heritage. Many caves with Paleolithic age surveyed or excavated there. Some of these cave sites are located in Bisetun and north of Kermanshah. The first known physical remains of Neanderthal man in Iran discovered in Bisetun cave.Do- Ashkaft, Kobeh, Warwasi, and Mar Tarik are

a Paleolithic sites in the region.Kermanshah also has many Neolithic sites, of which the most famous are Ganj Dareh, Sarab, and Asiab. At Ganj Dareh, the earliest evidence for goat domestications documented. The monuments found in Kermanshah show two glorious periods, the achaemenid and Sassanid eras.

The mythical ruler of the Pishdadian described as founding the city while Tahmores Divband  built it. An alternative narrative is that the construction was by Bahram IV of the Sassanid dynasty during the 4th century CE.

Kermanshah reached a peak during the reign of Hormiz lV and Khosrau I of Sassanids. The city suffered major damage during the Arab invasions but recovered in the Safavid period to make great progress. In 13 AD Mongolian invaders and in 14 AD Timourians plunded and badly damaged the city. Concurrent with the Afghan attack and the fall of Isfahan Kermanshah was almost comletely destroyed by the Ottoman invasion.

During the Iran-Iraq War, the province suffered heavy fighting and most towns cities badly damaged and some like Sar- Pol-e Zahab and Qhasr-e- Shirin destroyed.

Local products and snacks:

 Kermanshah’s carpet clends its name to a type of Persian carpet named after the region, coarse carpet, coarse, giveh (cotton summer shoes), felt carpet, klash (highest quality giveh) and leather.

 Kermanshah is also famous for its sweets made of rice, locally known as Nan berenji, and globally known Roghan-e Kermanshahi (spcciall cooking oil).

Historical Attractions:

Various attractions exist that date from the pre-Islamic era, such as the Kohneh Bridge, to contemporary parks and museums. Some of the more popular sites are:

Tombs of Abo Dabajeh, Baba Yadegar in West Islam Abad, bridges of Khosravi, and Miyan Rahan, castles of Lahjir,Laye Bozehro, and Lamarvan, hills of Ghorbagheh(frog ),

Ahangaran are in city of Sahneh. Dokan Davood (Urartu era.), images of Anobanini –

2800 B.C, in Sar-e- Pol-e Zohab, Sassanid Places of Khosro Parviz, and Hush koriyeh- Sassanid era, Tagh-e Bostan (Sassanid era.) in city of Ghasr-e Shirin. Old Bazaar in Kermanshah.Ancient hills of joda, Sholmaran, Govin, Rostam Abad, castle of Sary Aslan, bathhouses of Haji Asghar Khan, Hassan Khan and Brick Bridge in city of Kangavar.

Darius the Great’s inscription at Bisotun, which dates to 522 BCE, lies some 1300 meters high in the mountains, and counts as one of the most famous sites in Near Easternarcheology. The site is a UNESCO world Heritage Site, and has been attracting visitors for centuries. The Bisetun inscription is to Old Persian cuneiform  what the Rosetta stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs, the trilingual inscription (in Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian), he relief above the inscription depicts Darius facing nine rebels who objected to his crowning. At the king's feet lies Gaumata. The location of this important historical document is not coincidental: Gaumata, a usurper who depicted as lying at Darius' feet, was a Medean and in Achaemenid times, Bisotun lay on the Medea-Parsa highway.

        Hellenistic-era depiction of Bahram as Hercules.

Bisetun is also notable for three reliefs at the foot of the hill that date from the Parthian era. Among them is a Hellenistic-era depiction of the divinity Bahram as the Greek hero Hercules, who reclines with a goblet in his hand, a club at his feet and a lion-skin beneath him. Because it lies on the route of an ancient highway, this life-size rock sculpture may reflect Bahram's status as patron divinity of travelers.

Taq-e- Bostan:

Taq-e-Bostan, the rock reliefs at Taq-e Bostan lie four miles northeast of Kermanshah, where a spring gushes from a mountain cliff and empties into a large reflecting pool. One of the more impressive reliefs, inside the largest grotto (Ivan), is the oversized depiction of Sassanid king Khosrau II (591-628 CE), who appears mounted on his favorite charger, Shabdiz. Both horse and rider arrayed in full battle armor.

There are two hunting scenes on complementary sides of the Ivan: one depicts an imperial boar hunt and the other depicting the king stalking deer. Elephants flush out the boar from a marshy lake for the king who stands poised with bow and arrow in hand while he surrounded by female musicians following in other boats. These royal hunting scenes are narrative murals in stone are count among the most vivid of all Iranian rock reliefs.                                                             

Religiouse Attractions:

     Jam-e Mosque of Paveh, holy shines of Peer Katan, Dadeh Bektar, Mahmoud, Seyed Ibrahim, Seyed Jalalaldin, old mosques of Dowlatshah, Shahzadeh,

Emad-Al-doleh, and Fayz Abad are in Kermanshah. Mosques of Imamzadeh and Jam-e are in city of Kangavar.

Natural Attractions:

Sightseeing of Rejub is in city of West Islam Abad, amazing Qouri Qaleh cave, Sarab    Ravansar’s picnic area in Javanrood. Hot springs of Tang Hammum In Gasr-e Shirin, natural

 and beautiful park of Sarab, caves of Kabotar (pigeon ), Haji, and Seyed Shahab in city   

 of Sahneh are Kermanshah Provice natural attractions.

 Qouri Qaleh cave is 3,140 meters long and has been recognized as the Longest Assian

        Cave-ith a flowing stream. The cave is surrounded by forests and inside the cave beautiful stalactites and Stalagmites created eye- catching scenes. 

Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province:  Done  11     

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Kohkilūyé and Boyer-Ahmad is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the south-west of the country, the province divided into four counties include Boyer-Ahmad, Kohkiluyeh, Gachsaran, and Yasuj as its capital. The province was once part of Fars Province. The Province managed by local tribes during the Islamic era. However, Safavid’s Emperor took the possession of the region and control of the state. The province has 132     registered landmarks of cultural value and significances.

Climate

The mountain range of Dena, with more than 20 elevations and over 4000 meters high above the sea level, is, in fact, the great Himalayas in miniature. The mountain range, which is located in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province, has mild to cold climate to the north (Kohkiluyeh region), hot and dry. State covered with oak forests. Natural springs, singing of the birds and fresh air fascinate all lovers of nature.

The province is mostly mountainous in terrain, part of the Zagros range. The highest point is the Dena summit with a height of 4,409 meters.

Local Products:

Carpet, coarse carpet, pilecarpet (made of wool or yarn), Ja Namazi,

(A cloth cover for the praying seal of the Moslems), silicula, cushion, needlework,

gloves, etc. are famous local hand crafts of province of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad

Historical attractions:

Khosravi Hill- Achaemenian era, Martyrs Hills-third millinium B.C era, ancient hill of Gerd, bridge of Pataveh, and cemetery of Pay-e Chol are in Yasuj.

Old city of Dehdasht, castles of Chel Gach and Mangasht in Kohkiluyeh. The ancient region of Khayr Abad (Sassanid era.), Suliman Corral, and bridge of Khair Abad are in Gachsaran.

Religious Sites:

Holy shrines of Imamzadeh Hassan, Ghasem, Pahlevan and Abdollah are in Yasuj, Mausoleum of Imamzadeh Cheleh Khan, and Seyed Muhammad in Kuhkiluyeh and holy shrines of Bibi- Hakimeh in Gachsaran.

Natural attractions:

Urumiyeh and Murzelay-e Lakes, Mountains of Flowers(Kouhe Gol) ponds of Baram Shir, Margon, Yasuj, natural srings of Mishe, Kharklon, Babakan, valleys and canyons of Bahrum- Baygi, Sepidar, Babakan, Sadat, lava, and Segaveh in Yasuj.

Barm Alon pond, natural springs of Belghis Charam, Chozak, Canyons of Baram Shir,

Dalan, Jokar, Boz-e Sabz, Dom Abbas, and Mahtab are in Kohkiluyeh. Konj Benar Fall  

Are famous natural sites in state of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.

Golestān Province                             Done 12

Golestan is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran and located in the northeast of the country south of the Caspian Sea and splited from The Mazandaran Province in 1998. Its capital is Gorgan.  The Province divided into eleven counties; include Azad Shahr, Bandar-e Torkaman, Bandar-e Gaz, Ramian, Ali Abad, Kurd Koy, Gorgan, Gonbad Kavoos, Mino Dasht Agh Ghala, and Kalaleh.

Climate

       Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as “the moderate Caspian climate”. The effective factors behind such a climate are Alborz mountain range; the direction of mountains faces northeast and gradually decreases in height, in the eastern Alborz section, the highest point of the province is Shavar, at 3,945m in elevation, also direction of winds, neighborhood to the sea, vegetation, local winds, altitude, and weather front. As a result, of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous and semi-arid climate.

  History

       With the onset of the Bronze Age in early 3000 BC, Aryan tribes settled in the

       northern Iranian plateau, bringing with them a new culture, as reflected with the

        use of grey clay in pottery. Pieces from this period found in Yanik Hill, Hesâr (Dâmâqân), and Torang Hill (Gorgân). Excavations in 1932 revealed five  distinct layers, the earliest dating back to the 6th millennium BC and  the latest to the  630-1050 A.D. From mid-2000 BC, Aryan culture spread to other parts of the Iranian plateau. Aryan art is characterised by plain designs on pottery, relief and the combination of sculpture with pottery. The more important items of pottery and figures, founded in Torang Hill, are now on display at the National Museum of Iran in Tehrân. Torang Hill is 22 km south eastern Gorgân By the 1st century AD, Astrabad had become a well-established stop on the famous Silk Road from China to the Mediterranean important city of Persia, Gorgan during the Islamic era flourished as a commercial and intellectual center. Gorgan during the course of history frequently suffered raids by rival enemies and renegate Mongolians, Turkic tribesmen resulting insecurity contributed to the economic decline of Ashtarabad. Gorgan during the Qajar era became important and received special attention for city development due to the life style of the Qajar families.

     Gorgan province today

   Today the state is flourishing again. Gorgan is the center of an intensively cultivated

         farming region whose major commercial crops are wheat, cotton, and fruits. The Turkmen minorities reside in the north of the province, particularly in the cities of Gonbad and Bandar-e Turkaman and Other minority communities such as Baluchs, Turks, Afghans, and Armenians reside in this area, and preserved their traditions and rituals.

   The city's and state’s major industries include food processing, cotton ginning, soap manufacturing, and carpet weaving, silk, felt carpet, rugs, cusion, scarf (made by Turkamans), coarse, and other hand made products.

       Historical Attractions:

          Royal place of Gorgan, hills of Saad-abad, Mahz Abad, Chabuki, Yass, Nargess, Gomsh

          Tapeh and Khandan, birdge of Agh Ghola, castles of Marun- Ashkanid era and old bazaars are in Gorgan. Castles of Kamz, Cobra, Tapeh, Sultan Ali and the world’s tallest brick tower of Gonbad-e Qabus built by Al-e Zeyar in eleven century AD in city of Gonbad-e Kavoos hills of Nezam Abad in Ali Abad, tower of west Radekan in Kurd Koy are important historical attractions in Golestan Province.

Religious Attractions:

Jam-e Mosque and shrine of Imamzadeh Rushan are in Gorgan. Karim Mosque and shrine of Imamzadeh Jafar are in Mino Dasht, Aramgah (resting place) of Yahya Ebn-e Zayd in Gonbad Kavoos. Holy places of Agh Imam, footsteps of Bahaald are in Nagshbandy city of Bandar-e Turkaman. Mosques of Jam-e and Kabir, shrines of Imamzadeh Majid and Ibrahim in Kurd Koy are important religious Attractions in Gorgan Province.

Natural Attractions

Gorgan Province is one of the Beautiful places in Iran, famous natural attractions are:

Gulf of Gorgan wich is the biggest gulf in Caspian Sea, ponds of Gamishan, Alagol,

Ajigol, and beautiful forests of Nahar Khoran, National Park of Gorgan, forests of Garma Ba-dasht Garn Abad in Gorgan. Ludeh Fall, hot spring of Du Zin, Mirza Boblu Museum of Wild life in Mino Dasht. Shir Abad Fall, natural pool of Ramian and Deland Forest Park are in Gonbad-e Kavoos. Forest of Kabud Wal, Zarin Gol, villages of Afratakhteh, and Alestan are in Haydar Abad.

Gilan Province:                                    Done 13

Gīlān is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran and Located in north of Iran lies along the Caspian Sea. The center of the province is the city of Rasht. Gilan Province is divided into 16 counties include Astara, Astaneh-e Ashrafiyeh, Amlash, Bandar-e Anzali, Rasht, Rezvanshahr, Roodbar, Roodsar, Siyahkal, Shaft, Somieh Sara,Talesh, Fuman, Lahijan, Langehrood, and Masal.

Gilan's position in between theTehran- Baku trade route has established the cities of Port of (Bandar-e) Anzali and Rasht as ranking amongst the most important fishing, and commercial centers in Iran. As a result, the merchant and middle-classes comprise a significant percentage of the population.

Climate

Gilan has a humid temperate climate with plenty of annual rainfall. The Alborz range provides further diversity to the land in addition to the Caspian coasts.

Large parts of the province are mountainous, green and forested. The coastal plain along the Caspian Sea is similar to that of Mazandaran.

History

Rasht first mentioned in historical documents in 682 CE, but it is certainly older than this.

The first recorded encounter between Gilak and Deylamite warlords and invading Arabs armies was in the battle of Jalula in 647 AD. Arabs never managed to conquer Gilan. Gilaks and Deylamites successfully repulsed any Arab attempt to occupy their land. Gilan Province has seen theTurkish invasions of 10^th and 11^th centuries, Mongols invaders that plundered the city in 13^th century and Armies of Russians and British.

Gilan was a major producer of silk beginning in 15^th century. As a result, it was one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Silk trade, though not the production, and the single most important source of trade revenue for the as early as 16^th century and until mid

In mid 19^th century, a widespread fatal epidemic in silk worms paralized Gilan's economy, causing widespread economic distress. Gilan's budding industrialists and merchants were increasingly dissatisfied with the weak and ineffective rule of Qajars. Reoreintation of Gilan's agriculture and industry from silk to production of rice and introduction of tea plantations where a partial answer to decline of silk in the province.

 Qajars established a central government in late 18^th century, and lost a series of wars to Russia 1804-1813 and 1826-28), resulting in enormous gain of influence by the Russian empire in the Caspian Sea region and Gilanian’s cities of Rasht and Anzali occupied by the Russian forces. Anzali served as the main trading port between Iran and Europe.

Gilanis had played an important role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran. Sepahdar Tonekaboni (Rashti) was a prominent figure in the early years of the revolution and was instrumental in defeating Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. In later years (late 1910s), many Gilakis gathered under the leadership of Mirza Kouchak Khan Jangali.

Mirza Kochak Kahn became the most prominent revolutionary leader in northern Iran at this period. His movement, known as the Jangalis (Foresters Movement), had sent an armed brigade toTehran, which helped depose the Qajar ruler Mohammad Ali Shah. However, the revolution did not progress the way the constitutionalists had strived for, and Iran came to face much internal unrest and foreign intervention, particularly from the British, and Russian Empires. Gilan's contribution to the movement of Mirza Kouchak Khan Jangali known as the (Constitutionalist movement of Gilan), is glorified in Iranian history and effectively secured Gilan and Mazandaran against foreign invasions.

Tourism, People and Food

The province has an annual average of 8 million tourists, mostly domestic. Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 211 sites of historical and cultural significance in the province. You should drive to Masuleh, the landscape is very nice and it is the main tourist attraction in Gilan. Masuleh is a small town southeast of Rasht. The town built similar lto the Pueblo settlements, with the roof of one house being the courtyard of the next house above.

Gilan has a strong culinary tradition, from which several dishes have adopted across Iran. This richness derives in part from the climate, which allows for a wide variety of fruit, vegetables and nuts grown in the province. Seafood is a particularly strong component of Gilani or Mazandarani cuisine. Fish often smoked or served, as Kabab, and caviar are delicacies along the whole Caspian littoral. Other types of fish such as Mahi Sefid, Kuli, Kulmeh, Zarde Par (golden fish), Mahi Kapur and many others consumed. Fish roe or ashpal is widely used in Gileki cuisine. Traditional Persian stew such as ghalieh mahi (fish stew) is also featured and prepared in a uniquely Gilani fashion.

More specific to Gilan and Mazandaran are a distinctive walnut- paste  and Pomegranate-juice and sauce, used as a marinade for kabab (Kabab Torsh) and as the basis of fesenjan, a rich stew of duck, chicken or lamb. Mirza ghasemi is an aubergine and egg dish with a smoky taste that often served as a side dish or appetizer. Other such dishes include pickled garlic, olives with walnut paste, and smoked fish. The Caviar and smoked fish from the region are, in particular, widely prized and sought after specialities in both domestic and foreign gourmet markets. Gilan is well and interesting for tourism.

Local Crafts:

Hand woven textiles, carpets, jajim, earthenware, bamboo products, baskets; mat, silk, coarse carpet, designed jewelries and wooden products are among the unique representatives of fine crafts in Rash province.

Histrical attractions:

Castle of lamir is in city of Astara. Miyan Poshteh Palace, bridges of Ghazian and Miyan Poshteh, Tower Clock and old Customhouse in Port of Anzali. Aramgah of Mirza Kouchak Khan, Shahid Beheshti School, old houses of Haj Mirza Ahmad Abrishami, bridge of Morghaneh Pord in city of Rasht.Tower of Gaskar, Pole Kheshty, Bathhouse of Kasma in Somieh Sara. Castle of Salsal, mansions of Sardar Amjad are in Talesh. Reza Shah’s Palace, castle of Band Bon, brick bridge of Tamijan, and Shahrdari (municipality)Square in Roodsar City, Pole Ajori ( brick bridge), and old houses of Monajem Bashi, Darya Baygi, Rais Zadeh, and Mohebi in Langarud are famous places in province of Gilan.

Religiouse Attractions: 

Holy shrines of Imamzadeh Ibrahim and Ghasem are in city of Astara, holy shrine of Imamzadeh Saleh and Be Be Horeyeh in Anzali. Tombs of Agha Seyed Abbas, Seyed Esmail, and Imamzadeh Hashem are in city of Rasht. Holy shrines of ImamzadehTayeb, Taher, Peer Mousa, are in Roodbar. Tombs of Agha Seyed Ahmad, Agha Seyed Haydar, Agha Seyed Hussein, Seyed Mortaza, and Seyed Ibrahim in Roodsar.Tombs of Agha Seyed Ibrahim, Agha Seyed Abdollah, in Somieh Sara. White Mosque is in Talesh. Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Es-hagh is in Shaft. Mosques of Jam-e and Akbareyeh in Lahijan are important religiouse attractions of Gilan provice.

       Natural Attraction:

Pond of Port Anzali, salty springs of Ab Shor in Lakan, Cheshmagol Seh Shanbeh, in Rasht. Mineral springs of Sang- Rood, hot springs of Mastkhor, in Roodbar. Spings of Sajiran, mineral springs of Zamzameh, Ali Zakhoni, in Foman and ponds of Amir Kelaye in Lahijan. Spring of Damkesh in village of Oshian in city of Chaboksar (every 20 minutes the level of the water raises up to 80 cms for 5 minutes and stops scientific studies have not found the reason for these phenomena).

Lurestān Province:                                      Done 14

Lurestan Province is one of the 30 provinces of Iran, historic territory of western Iran,

Province has nine counties include Azna, Aligudarz, Borujerd, Pol-e- Dokhtar, Delfun, Dorud, Selseleh, Kouhdasht and Khoram Abad as its capital.

  The population of Lurestan is calculated 1, 739,644 people in 2006 census. Lurestān is one of the oldest regions of Iran. In the third and fourth millennium, B.C. migrant tribes settled down in the area of the Zagros Mountains.

Lurestān successfully integrated into the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanian empires. Parts of Lurestān managed to stay independent during the Arab, Seljuk and Mongol invasions. Lurs were amongst the original Qizilbash that aided in the founding and administration of the Safavid dynasty. During the invation of Mongoliase this region divided into two region of Great Lur (Kohkiluyeh and Bakhtiary) and Small Lur

(Posht kouh and Pishkouh). Lurestan in 19 century divided into 2 regions of Poshtkouh and Pishkouh (Lurestan and Ilam).

       Climate

The terrain consists chiefly of mountains, with numerous ranges, part of the Zagros chain, running northwest to southeast. The central range has many summits that almost reach the line of perpetual snow, rising to 13,000 feet and more, and it feeds the headwaters of Iran's most important rivers, such as the Zayandeh rood, Jarahi, Karun, Dix, Abi, Karkheh. Between the higher ranges lie many fertile plains and low hilly, well-watered districts.

The climate is generally sub-humid continental with winter precipitation, a lot of snow Because, it lies on the westernmost slopes of the Zagros Mountains, annual precipitation in Lurestān is among the highest anywhere in Iran south of the Alborz Mountains.

In Khorramabad, the average annual precipitation totals 21 inches of rainfall. The months June to September are dry, but Khorram Abad can expect 4 inches of rainfall equivalent in December and January.

Local Crafts

Carpet, coarse carpet, coarse, dishes, shawls, wooden chessboard, crochet article and Janamaz (used by Muslims during prayers).

Historical Attractions:

Lurestān has 263 sites of historical and cultural significance according to Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.

Castle of Maseleh and ancient hill of Masir Seylan are in Aligodarz, abanbar (water storage), Do dungeh, Old Bazaar, and house of Sultani in Brojerd. Ancient castles of Majin, Korgon, hills of Tajan, Kozehgaran, Kal Yazid, bridges of Kalhur and Kro Dukhtar in Pol-e- Dokhtar. Castles of Falak-ol Aflak, Rake, Zaghe, Doshe, Gomro, Mangare, Manijeh, Sar Ghala, Razeh, Bahram, Nasir, Cheshmak, Shapouri Birdge, ancient hills of Kargoneh, Tanoorban, Sarab Nav-kesh, Reki, Chaghabul, Zagheh, old bazaar of Mirza Seyed Reza, old mills of Baba Abbas, Divar-e Sang-e, old tower in Khorram Abad. Ancient hills of Delfun, Pole Kaka Reza, in Selseleh, castles of Koh Zad, Zolal Angiz, Chegh, Changary, bridges of Keshkarood, Kro Doukhtar, Sassani, Gavmishan, Cham Namsht, hills of Chagha Sabz, Kaftarlo, Darakeh, dome (gonbad)of Aali Gij, and Kouh Dasht bridge in Kouh Dasht are the most famous historical attractions in Lurestan province.

Religious Attractions:

Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Ghasem is in Azna. Mosques of Jam-e, and Sultani, holy shrines of Imamzadeh Jafar (Ilkhanid era.), Vilian, and Two Sisters are in Borujerd. Mausoleums of Prince Muhammad, Mehdi, Saleh, are in Pol-e Dukhtar. Resting place of Prince Abdollah and two Brothers are in Khorram Abad.

Natural Attractions:

Ab Sefid Fall is in Aligodarz. Natural Wild Life Habitant, Oshtoran Kouh Mountain, beautiful pond of Borujerd, beautiful pond of Pol-e Dukhtar,Kiyou Lake, water falls of Tafa, Afrineh, Springs of Gerdab Sangi and Ab Zibay-e Golestan in Khorram Abad. Lake Gahar, Bisheh Water fall, and Taleh Zang in Dorood. Caves of Hamyan, Yek o Do, Viznahar Dosh-e Botkhaneh, Mirmalas in Kouhdasht.

Māzandarān Province:                                Done 15

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Mazandaran is a Caspian province in the north of Iran, located on the Southern coast of the Caspian Sea and one of the most populous provinces by population density and is one of the wealthiest regarding diverse Natural Resources. The center of the province is city of Sari.Province is consist of 16 counties include, Amol, Babol, Babolsar, Behshahr, Tonekabun, Joybar, Chaloos, Ramsar, Savadkouh, Qaemshahr, Mahmoud Abad, Neka, Noor, Nowshahr, Galogah and Sari.

Recent excavations in Goher Tappeh, which gives evidence to the existence of urbanization phase of civilization for more than five millennium years. Mazandaran province is one of the most important historical sites of Iran and was part of the ancient kingdom of Hyrcania and former Kingdom of Tapuria. Indigenous people of the region are ethnic Mazandaranis (Tapurians), people who speak Mazandarani, language that most resembles Gilaki and Sangaseri.

Mazandaran Provine known for its rich history and diverse climate ranges from the sandy beaches to the rugged and Snowcapped Alborz Mountains with the highest peak throughout The Middle East and Western Asia, Mount Damavand. Its diverse geography is not limited to mountains and beaches, but also includes plains, prairies, forests and jungles between Caspian Sea and Alborz Sierra.

Mazandaran province geographically divided into two parts: the coastal plains, and the mountainous areas. The Alborz Mountain Range surrounds the coastal strip and plains of the Caspian Sea like a huge barrier.

There is often snowfall during most of the seasons in the Alborz regions, which run parallel to the Caspian Sea’s southern coast. The province enjoys a moderate, semitropical climate with an average temperature of 25 °C in summer and about 8 °C in winter.

Economy

Economy of Mazandaran Province relies heavily on Agriculture and dish productions, with the highest farm fish production throughout Iran and the neighbor regions,rice, grain, fruits, cotton, tea, tobacco and silk are produced in the lowland strip along the Caspian shore.Oil wealth has stimulated industries in food processing, cement, textiles and fishing ( caviar ).

 Tourism; the province has an annual average of 12 million tourists, mostly domestic.

History

The province populated from early antiquity, and Mazandaran has changed hands among various dynasties from early in its history. Under the Achaemenids, administered as a sub-province of Parthia and has not named separately in the provincial lists of Darius and Xerxes. There are several fortresses remaining from Parthian and Sassand times, and many older cemeteries scattered throughout the province. During this era, Mazandaran was part of Hyrcania Province, which was one of important provinces.

With the advent of the Sassanid dynasty, the King of Mazandaran (Tabaristan and Padashkhwargar) was Gushnasp, whose ancestors had reigned in the area (under the Parthian empire) since the time of Alexandar. In 529-536, Mazandarn ruled by Sassanid prince Kawus son of Kawadh. Anushirawan, the Sassanid king, put in his place Zarmihr, who claimed his ancestry from the legendary blacksmith Kaveh. This dynasty ruled until 645 A.D., when Gil Gawbara (a descendant of the Sassanid king Jamasp and a son of Piruz) joined Mazandaran to Gilan, these families had descendants who ruled during the Islamic period. During Savavid era, (1501-1732)

This region became under control of central government and one of the Iran’s province.

Tourism, People and Food

Suitable environmental conditions, pleasant and moderate climate, beautiful natural landscapes, and proximity toTehran, have led the province to be one of the main recreational place with hotels, restaurants and other facilities to host millions of tourists a year enjoy visiting it mostly domestic. Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists close to 630 sites of historical and cultural significance.

The cuisine of the province is very rich in seafood due to the Caspian Sea, and rice is present in virtually every meal. Indeed, the rest of Iran introduced to rice through Gilan and Mazandaran. Before the 1800s, Persians, used bread rather than rice as an accompaniment to their meals, today rice is is very popular among Persians especially in Gilan and Mazandaran, rice remains the choice staple of the indigenous inhabitants.

Mazandaran like Gilan has a strong culinary tradition, from which several dishes have adopted across Iran. This richness derives in part from the climate, which allows for a wide variety of fruit, vegetables and nuts grown in the province. Seafood is a particularly strong component of Mazandarani or Gilani cuisine. Sturgeon often smoked or served, as Kabab, and caviar are delicacies along the whole Caspian littoral. Other types of fish such as Mahi Sefid, Kuli, Kulmeh, Caspian Salmon, Mahi Kapur and many others consumed fish roe or ashpal is widely used. Traditional Persian stews such as ghalieh mahi (fish stew) is also featured and prepared in a uniquely Mazandarani or Gilani fashion.

The caviar and smoked fish from the region are, in particular, widely prized and sought after specialities in both domestic and foreign gourmet markets. Mazandaran has one of the most beautiful landcape in the word where the land, mountains, and forests reach the sea. Tourists call it paradise on earth.

Local Crafts

Carpet, fine silk, pileless carpet, coarse, mat, clay dishes, dishes, wooden statue, felt carpet. Local crafts of Mazandaran province are among the unique representatives of fine crafts.  

Historical Attractions:

Castle of Shahandasht, Ashraf bathhouse, birdge of twelve stairs (12 peleh), and old bazaar are in city of Amol, building of Salman, Mansion of old bazaar, in Babol. Old bridge of Babolsar. Palace and garden of Safavi (Bagh-e Shah) in Behshahr, castle of Kangalo, tower of Lajim in Savad Kouh, collection of Safaviyeh (Persian Emperors) in Farah Abad, Ab Anbar( water storage) of Mirza Mehdi, in Sari, mansions of AJabat and Chi Khoran in city of Nowshahr, mansion of Timshan, casle of Baldeh in Noor. Beautiful Hotel Ramsar and its garden witch have the view of The Caspian Sea and Forests of Mount Alborz.

Religious Attractions and Sites:

Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Ghasem is in Babol, Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Abdolhagh in Savadkouh. Holy shrines of Imamzadeh Abbas, Yahya, and Ghasem are in Sari. Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Yusef Reza in Ghaem Shahr.Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Abdollah in Nekah.Mausoleum of Agha Shah Balo Zahed in Noor are the important religious attractions in Mazandaran Provice.

Natural Attactions:

Hot spings of Ab Ahan, Ab Ask, and Reneh, water falls of Shahandash, Gheysareh, and Parvand are in Amol. Coastal regions of Babolsar, Ramsar, forests of Ton-e Kabun, Savad Kouh, ponds of Sarandun, Balandun, and water fall of Darab Kla, and wild life habitant of Dasht-e Naz in Sari. Lake of Golpa, in Ghaem Shahr, ponds of lapo, Palangun (leopards) in Nekah, lakes of Valasht, Khezr-e Nabi, water falls of Aka pol, Harijan, Namak Abroud, forests park of Chalos, Forests park of Seasangan in Nowshahr. Waterfall of Sava-Sareh in city of Noor. Forest park of Abbas Abad and Miyankaleh pond are in city of Behshahr. Water falls of Azark, Char- dar, Rish Beraz valleys and canyons of Jannat in Ramsar are the most beautiful sites in Mazandaran Province.

Yazd Province:                                        Done 16

Yazd Province is one of the 30 provinces and fourth largest province in Iran. It is in the center of the country and its provincial capital is Yazd. The province has ten Counties: Abarkouh, Ardakan, Bafg, Taft, Sadogh, Mehreez, Meybod, Khatam, Tabas and Yazd. In 2006, Yazd Province had an estimated population of 1,033,291.

Climate

Being located beside the central mountains, far from the sea, adjacent to the Dasht-e Kavir Desert Yazd has a climate that mostly resembles dry desert climate. Little rain along with high water evaporation, relatively low dampness heat and great temperature changes are among the factors making this province, one of the driest parts of Iran, with the exception of mountainous region of Shir-Kouh with mild temperature.

City of Yazd

Yazd is the capital of Yazd Province, "the second ancient and historic city in the world" and a centre of Zoroastrian culture.The word Yazd means feast and worship.

The population of Yazd is predominantly Persian, most of who are Shia Muslims with a small Zoroastrian community.

The city of Yazd’s first mention in historic records predate it back to around 3000 years B.C. when it was related to by the name of Ysatis, and was then part of the domain of Medes, ancient empire of Iran. Excavations of Gharbal Biz remaining from the Achaemenid period are another example of the antiquity of Yazd.

The present city name perhaps came fromYazdegerd l, a Sassanid ruler and the

city was definitely a Zoroastrian centre during Sassanid times.

In the course of history due to its distance from important capitals and its harsh natural surrounding, and difficulty of approach, Yazd remained immune to large battles and the destruction and ravages from wars; therefore, it kept many of its traditions. During the invasion of Genghis Khan in the early 13th century, Yazd became a safehaven for many artists, intellectuals, scientists and those fleeing their war-ravaged cities across Persia. Yazd briefly served as the capital of the Muzaffarid Dynasty in the 14^th century, and sieged unsuccessfully in 1350–1351 by the Injuids under Shaikh Abu Ishaq.

Zoroastrians have traditionally been populous in Yazd. Even now, Yazd’s heritage as a centre of Zoroastrianism is also important. There is a Tower of Silence on the outskirts, and the city itself has a Fire Temple, which holds a fire kept alight continuously since 470 AD.

ancient religion, and though of their Atashkadeh (Fire Temple) turned into a mosque after the Islamic Conquest of Persia, but, the city remained Zoroastrian even after the conquest by paying a levy, and only gradually did Islam come to be the dominant religion in the city.

Yazd visited by Marco Polo in 1272, described it as a good and noble city and remarked its silk production industry, and the vibrancy of Yard often comes as a surprise.

For a brief period, Yazd was the capital of Atabakan and Mozaffarid Dynasties. Yazd retains elements of its old religion, traditions, and architecture, recognized by UNESCO for its architectural heritage. Yazd is an architecturally unique city and also known for the high quality handicrafts, especially silk weaving, and its sweet shops.

The Jam-e  Mosque of Yazd crowned by a pair of minarets, the highest in Persia, the portal's facade decorated from top to bottom in dazzling tile work; predominantly blue in colour.The city of Yazd has resisted the modern urbanization changes and has so far maintained its traditional structure. The geographical features of this region have prompted residents to develop special architectural styles, in older part of the city; most houses built of adobe and have domed roofs (gonbad). These materials serve as an excellent insulation preventing heat from passing through. The existence of special ventilation structures, called badgirs is a distinctive feature of the architecture of this city (a badgir is a high structure on the roof under which, in the interior of the building, there is a small pool).

Yazd today

Always known for the quality of its silk and carpets, Yazd today is one of Iran's industrial centers for textiles. There is also a considerable ceramics and construction materials industry and unique confectionery and jewelry industries. A significant portion of the population also employed in other industries including agriculture, dairy, metal works and machine manufacturing. There are a number of companies involved in the growing information technology industry, mainly manufacturing primary materials such as cables and connectors. Currently Yazd is the home of the largest manufacturer of fibre optics in Iran.

Baghlava, ghotab and pashmak are the most popular sweets made in the city.

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The Great Jame Mosque

The Great Jam-e Mosque is the most a glorious and masterpiece of architectural design. Jam-e Mosque of Yazd crowned by a pair of minarets, the highest in Persia, the portal's facade decorated from top to bottom in dazzling tile work, predominantly blue in color, with beautiful gatch (plaster) work, large praying area and largely designed place for nocturnal prayers or sleepers at night. The mosque was build more than one thousand years ago and library of Vaziri is located next to mosque. The mosque has treasure and precious collection of hand written holy book of Koran and other written books.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorest%C4%81n_Province"

Mosque of Amir Chagmag

Mosque of Amir Chagmag also called new jam-e Mosque of Amir.The mosque is famous for its architectural and work of arts. The mosque was build during the Safavid’s Emperors (A.D. 1501- 1732), with the order and efforts of Amir Jalal Al-Din Chagmag Shami Governor of Yazd, The hallways embellished with beautiful tiles, which grant further beauty to the building and gives stunning and admire feelings to visitors and tourists

Fire Temple of Varharam (Bahram)

This building erected with efforts of Zoroastrians and the Parsees of India in A.D.1934, the building has a large courtyard with big trees, always green and thriving. The large round pond in entrance of the courtyard, adds to the beauty of the building. It is be believed the fire was brought from Anahita Fire Temple in Fars Province, for this reason it has been given special attention and respect to the site as a holy place to Zoroastrians.

Local Crafts:

Kashmir, brocaded silk, velvet, wrapper for bed, pileless carpet, blanket, and sheet

Yazd Province is also famous for its sweets like baghlava, ghotab, pashmak (cotton         candy), zolbia and gosh fil and nuts like pistacho, almond, and walnut.

        Historical Attractions:

Ancient and Important historical attractions in Yazd province are Sageneh and khargooshi inns, caravanserais of Hose- Jafar, Valeh Abad, and old houses are in city of Ardakan. Ali Abad caravanserai, old water storages, old castles of Islamiyeh, Shavaz and old garden of Golshan are in city of Taft. Great tower (Minaret) of Golshan, old citade and mausoleum of Sepahsalar in city of Tabas, castles of Khormirz and Saryazd in Mehriz. Water storage of Hassan Abad, castles of Barjin, Rokn Abad, and Narin are in Maybod. Old houses of Lareyha, Arabs, Rasolian, Hat makers, Malek Al Tojar, and Asadi, old water storages of Seyed, Sahra, six air vent holes(six budgir), Khajeh, Golshan, and Rostam, old schools of Khan, Ziya-eyeh, Abu Al-Mali, Domana, andTop of Form

 Abdulrahim Khan, castles of Ibrahim Abad, Zarach and Aez Abad in Yazd.

Religious Attractions

Most important religiouse attractions in Yazd Province are:

Old mosques of Zirdeh, Haji Rajab, Zardak, Muhammad Hossein, Kharanegh,

and Jam-e Mosque in Ardakan. Old mosques of Shodeh, Islamiyeh, Bida Khoyed,

Tarazjan, Khan-e ghah (monastery) are in city ofTaft. Holy shrine of Tabas, Mosques of Jam-e and Mehr Padin are in Mehriz, Holy shrines of Khadijeh Khatoon in Maybod.

Jam-e Mosque, Mir Chomag Mollah Ismail, Zaviyeh, Sabat, Four Minaret (mennar),

Mausolem, of Abu Jafar, Seyed Khalil, Twelve Imam, Shah Reza, Seyed Gol Sorkh, Rokn Al- Din,Shams Al- Din and Zoroastrians holy shrines in city of Yazd.

Natural Attractions

The most Amazing and beautiful natual attractions in Yazd Province are:

Caves of Hamaneh, Ashkoft, and Abolghasem Rashti are in Ardakan. Caves of Frashah and B’ad Maesom are in Taft. Natural spring of Gharbalabiz, Gardens of Golkar, Akrami and Sarasiab are in Mehriz. Maybod old Glacier, Gardens of Dowlat Abad, Khan, Kolah Farangi, and Moshir are in Yazd.

Bushehr Province:                                     Done 17           

Bushehr Province is one of 30 provinces of Iran and located in south west of the country, with 27,653 Square Kilometers and with 60 Kilometers, sea borders on the Persian Gulf in vast plain running along the coastal region. The Province is consisted of seven districts that are Port of Daylam, Port of Genaveh, Tangestan, Dashti, Der, Kangan, and Bandar-e Bushehr the capital of Bushehr Province. 

Bushehr is a major fishing and commercial port; it is one of the chief ports of Iran and is at a distance of 1,218 Kms from Tehran.

Climate

There are two distinguishable season in the province the winter, with moderate to cold starts from November and last to March. The summer is very hot humid and long season; spring and autumn seasons are very hot.

History

During the 1^st  And 2^nd millennium B.C.E, The peninsula Bushehr  was a Thriving and flourishing seats of civilization called “ Rey Shah “ many relics have been found in this regard related to the Elamite era and the civilization of Shoush (Susa). These structures of “Ray Shahs “are said to be related to Ardeshir of Sassanid Dynasty and “Ray Shahr “was formerly known by the name of Ram Ardeshir. Thereby by the passage of time came to be called Ray Shah and then Bushehr. It is obvious that the Persian Gulf and Province of Bushehr enjoys a remarkable situation with trade and military affair. For this reasons the Europeans were interested to take control of the region and the city of Bushehr.The Portuguese, invaded the city of Bushehr in 1506 C. E and attempted to take the place of Egyptian and the Vinci an traders who were dominant in the

region. Safavid Dynasty in (1501-1732C.E) ended the occupation. In 1734C.E, Nader Shah of Afsharid dynasty chooses it as the site for Iranian Navy base.

During the Zand era, the region was a place for political challenges between different political groups. When Qajar dynasty replaced the Zand Dynasty, British influence increased in The Persian Gulf Region. At the end of the 18^TH century, British and Dutch transferred their regional commercial offices to Bushehr and during 19^th century, the town was prominent as the home of the British political agent for the Persian Gulf.           

Bushehr today is one of the important ports in Persian Gulf, which has international airport and highways connect the city to Ahvaz to the northwest and Shiraz to the northeast.

Bushehr’s industries include seafood’s canners, firms, etc.

The beautiful coast of Bushher Province is suitable for holiday and relaxation. The nice sea waves, the beautiful fishes moving across the coast and thousands of sea birds fledgling in the blue sky provides marvelous opportunity to spent a pleasant and unforgettable holiday there.

Crafts and Arts

Bushehr province offers wide variety of crafts and arts such as carpet, gabeh (along- wefted pile less carpet), galim (coarse carpet), mat, basket, giveh (cotton summer shoes), brume, galyan-e sofali (some kind of pipe made with clay very commonly used in Middle East), clay, and fishing net.

Please do not forget sweets and smoked fish.

Historical Sites in Boshehr Province:

Castles of Hollandaise, Poztidun Temple, ancient cemetery, house of Raes Ali Delvary, ancient region of Ray Shahr, mansions of Darya Bayghi, house of Dashti, and City hall in Bushehr. Castle of Khazar Khan is in Tangestan. Borazjan castle is in Dashtestan. Temple of Kalat is in Dashti. 

Religious Attractions

Historical religious attractions in Bushehr province are:

Shrine of Imamzadeh Mir Muhammad-e Hanafi, mosque of Sheikh Saedun, and holy Church of Jesses Christ are in Bushehr. Mosque of Bardastan and holy shrine of Imanzadeh Mir Eram are in Dashti. Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Shah Muhammad in Der and Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Suleiman in Gonaveh

Natural Attractions:

Hot water springs of Ahram, Amir Ahmad Gho-chark in Tangestan, hot mineral waters of Niko and Ganuyeh in Dashti. Hot water spring of Mianlu in Kangan, and pond of Haleh in Gonaveh are the natural attractions in Bushehr Province.

Īlām Province:                                                                     Done 18

Īlām is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran. It is in the south-west of the country, bordering Iraq. Its provincial center is the city of Ilam. The cities of the province are Abdanan, Ilam, Aivan, Dareh Shahr, Dehloran, Shirvan, Chardaval and Mehran.

Climate

Ilam province is among the warmer regions of Iran. The mountainous areas of north and northeastern part of Ilam are relatively cold.

Ilam's highest point is the peak Kabir Kouh  at 2790 m, part of the Zagros Mountains.

History

Limited archaeological studies and discoveries indicate 6,000 years of tribal residence in Ilam. Goty trib resided in the region 4000 years B.C.

The Historical evidence indicates that Ilam province was part of the ancient Elamite Empire.

In Elamite and Babylonian inscriptions, Ilam called Alamto or Alam means "mountains" or "the country of sunrise". It was also part of the Achaemenid Empire. Existence of numerous historical vestiges in Lurestan and Ilam provinces belonging to the Sassanid period indicates the specific importance of the region in that time.

In 1930, Ilam became a part of Kermanshah province, only later to become a province by itself. The population of Ilam is consist of Kurds, Lurs and Laks and mostly in farming, and breeding domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goat and horse. The majority people of Ilam are Shi’a Muslims.

Local Crafts:

Ilam province is famous for its local crafts such as wool carpet, felt weaving, silk, and coarse carpet.

Ilam province is also famous for its honey, dried whey, sesame, and variety of sweets, mastic and roghan-e heyvani (special cooking oil).

Historical Attractions:

Hezarani Castle is in Abdanan. Ancient hill of Zarneh and fire temple of Zaraneh (Zoroastrian shrines) from the Sassanid era are in Aivan. Castles of Vali, Hassan Abad, Falahati Castle (Qhal’eh), petrograph of Tang Gochali, Sam Castle and Fire temple (late Parthian era), remaining of the

 Sassanid Sarab Kalan is in Shirvan and Chardavel.The remain of the ruined city of   Simareh, ancient hill of Tighan, Cham Namsht Bridge- Sassanid era, bridge of Govmishan in Dareh Shahr. Hill of Mosian and ancient hill of Ali Kosh (nine Thousand yeas old), are in Dehluran. Petrograph of Assyrian and Chahar Taghi (Sassanid era) and Shirin and Farhad Iwan are in Mehran.

Histrical Religiouse Attractions:

Shrine of Seyed Saleh Al-Din Muhammad (Saljuks architectural work) is in Abandan.

 Shrine of Seyed Abdollah and Haji Hazar are in Aivan. Monastery of Seyed Mehdi and shrine of Saheb Alzaman Mosque are in Ilam. Shrines of Abbas, Bagher and Shah Galandar are in Shirvan. Shines of Jaber Ansari, And holy shrines of Imamzadeh Saleh in Dareh Shahr, Shrines of Akbar, Seyed Naser Al-Din and Abbasi in Dehloran are historical religiouse attractions in Ilam province.

       Natural Attractions

        Important natural attractions of Ilam Province are:

Se- yah Gov Lake, Garden of Sarab, Anaran Mountain and Kabir Kouh (Great Mountain) in Abdanan. Recreational areas of Khoran Village and Sarab, Calcareous Cave of Kaleh, Hunting grounds of Sharazvel are in Aivan. Forest parks of Tajrian, Sheshdar Dalav, Bakhtiar, Abshar, and Sartaf fall, forest parks of Shahed, Sarab, Kudak and museum of wild life in Ilam. Mar Bareh Fall, Valleys of Kalam Badreh and Kolcani cave in Dareh Shahr. Khofash (bat) cave in Dehloran. Recreational areas of Mehran Dam, river of Kanjan Cham and Zinehgon Cave are in Mehran.  

Qom Province:                                                                                    Done 19

Qom Province is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran. It is located in north of the country and its provincial capital is the city of Qom and it is the smallest state in the country.

Climate

Qom province has desert and semi-desert climate with low humidity and scanty rainfall and agriculture is not possible in most of its areas, especially near the salt lake regions. Qom province has two large salt lakes, namely: Howz e Soltan, and Namak Lake.

Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 195 sites of historical and cultural significance in Qom.

History

Qom thought to have existed in pre-Islamic ages. Archeological discoveries indicate Qom as a residential area from the fifth millennium BCE. According to the pre-Islamic remaining relics and historical texts, Qom was a large city. 'Kom' was the name of the ancient rampart of the city of Qom, It was during the reign of the second calipheh Omar, that the Muslims captured Qom’s center.

In the Seljuki era, the city flourished once more. During the invasion of Mongol, the city witnessed destruction.

During the reign of the Safavids, Qom gained special attention and gradually developed.

In the late 14th century, the city came under the plunder of Tamer Lang when the inhabitants massacred again.

Qom considered holy city in Shi’a Islam, as it is the site of the holy shrine of Hazrat-e Fatema Mae’sume, sister of Imam Hazrat-e Ali Ebn-e Musa Riza (789-816 AD.). The city is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world, and is a significant destination of pilgrimage

Today, Qom is one of the Holiest and focal centers of the Shi'a both in Iran and around the globe. Its theological center and the Holy Shrine of Hazrat-e Ma'sumeh are prominent features of the provincial capital of Qom province.

Local crafts and souvenirs

The most artistics of these handcrafts are carpet, silk carpet, rug, desiged ceramics, decorative article, and porcelain.

Qom has an especial type of sweets known as Sohan (made of flour and honey). 

Historical attractions:

Old houses of Hazrat-e Imam Khomeini, Haji Goli Khan, Mullah Sadra, caravansarais of Tolab, Ghalae Sangi, Atabaki, Bagher-Abad, Dalak Bridges, Pa-Sangan, Old Bazaar, Domes of Fatah-Ali Shah, Muhammad Shah, Mahd-e Olya, Shah Abbas The Second,

Shah Suleiman, Shah Safe and ancient region of Gharah Tapeh( black hills), Green Domes and  ancient hill of Gholi Darvish.

Mosques and other holy shrines:

Mosques of Saheb-Al Zaman, Imam Hassan-e Mojtaba and Jam-e, holy shrines of Hazrat-e Ma’soomeh, Imamzadeh Esmail, Mousa, Mabar Gha, Shah Hamzeh, Khadij-e Khaton, Prince Ibrahim, six Imamzadeh and prince Zakaria are the most famous ones in Qom.

Natural Attractions

Most natural attractions in Qom Province are:

Salt Lakes, Hoz Sultan, five hundred years old cypress tree in village of Gargabi, nation park of Kavir. 

Qazvin Province:                                                     Done 20

Qazvin is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran. The Province of Qazvin is located in North West of the country and Qazvin as its capital. The Province divided to four townships includes Booin Zahra, Takestan, Qazvin and Abyek.

The climate of the province in the northern parts is cold, snowy in winters, and very hot in summers, the southern parts are mild with comparatively cold winters and warm summers.

History of Province

Archeological findings in the Qazvin plain reveal the existence of urban agricultural settlements as far back as 7000BC. The name “Qazvin” or “Kasbin” derived from CAS, an ancient tribe that lived south of the Caspian Sea millennia ago. Qazvin in fact derives its name from the same origin.

Qazvin has been a hotbed of historical developments in Iranian history. In the early years of the Islamic era, Qazvin served as a base for the Arab forces. Destroyed by Genghis Khan (13^th century), the Safavid monarchs made Qazvin the capital of the Safavid Empire in 1548 and in 1598, Shah Abbas Safavi have it moved to Isfahan. During the Qajar Dynasty and contemporary period, Qazvin has always been one of the most important governmental centers due to its proximity to Tehran.

The city of Qazvin has contained over 2,000 architectural and archeological sites and has been an important cultural center throughout history.

The city today which  known as Qazvin founded by Shapur ll, King of Persia in 250 CE, when he built a fortification there to control the regional tensions.

Qazvin has sometimes been of central importance at important moments of Iranian history. Captured by invading Arabs (644 AD) and destroyed by Genghis Khan 13^th century, the Safavid monarchs made Qazvin the capital of the Safavid Empire in 1548 moved to Isfahan in 1598

Bombed and occupied by Russian forces in both World Wars.

Today Qazvin Province has different industries and is agricultural producer of grape, hazelnut, pistachio, almond, walnut, olive, apple, wheat, barley, sugar beet, pomegranate, and fig.

        Local Crafts:

Masonry, ceramic design, inlaid, embossed, Carpet weaving, plasters molding, penmanship, leather, silk, cotton and other craft design products.

Histrical Attractions

Most important historical attractions in Qazvin Province are:

Gal- e Dukhtar and Shah Abbas traditional bath in Takestan. Castles of Alamut, Noyzar Shah, Lambsar, Semiran, Sangrood, Shahrak, Sassan, Shirk Kouh, Ayvan-e Niagh, Barajin Tower, old houses of Razavi, Sa-dyeh, Zarrab Khaneh, Golshan, Vazir, Haji Reza, Shahroudi, old dams of Seyed Ali Khan, Sepahsalar, old cemetery of Hassan Abad, Shah Kouh, old Village of GazarKhan, Harzovil, hills of Nosrat Abad, Gazanchal, Hussein Abad, Meshkin Tapeh, Alvand, Aga Baba, Dowlat Abad, bazaars of Gaysariy-e Sad Alsaltaneh, Sarbaz, Temcheh(arcade ), Darvish Mehdi Arcade, Caravanserais of Muhammad  Abad, Fareh, Panbeh, Gorbanali, Gazan, Soutan Abad, Shah Abbas Old Gates, Museum and Mansions of Kolah Farangi are in city of Qazvin.

 Religious Attractions

Important religiouse attractions of Qazvin province are:

Shrines of Imamzadeh Saleh, Suliman, Fazlollah, Abdollah in Takastan, Mosques of Great Jam-e, Heidary-e, Alnabi, Sanjideh, holy shrines of Imamzadeh Ali, Aba Zar, Zar Abad, Ali Akbar, Sagiz Abad, Prince Hussein, Ismail, Be Be Zobideh, Be Be Sakineh, Sultan Vees, Amaneh Khaton and Peigambariyeh ("the place of the prophets"). The mausoleum contains the resting place of four Jewish saints in city of Qazvin.

 Natural Attractions:

Sprig of Yaleh, hot spring of Avaj in Takestan, hot mineral water spring of Kharghan, mineral spring of AbTorsh, and Larzan in city of Qazvin.

Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiary province:             Don  21

Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiary Province is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran. The Province is located in west center of the country and Shahre Kurd is its capital. The province is divided to five Counties includes Ardal, Brojen, Shahre Kurd, Farsian, and Ardakan.                       

Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiary province, consist of two parts first, Chahar Mahal means (4 cities), of Lar, Kiyar, Mizoj, and Gandomun, the second part Bakhtiary where Bakhtiary Tribe lives and named after the Tribe, this tribe historically is a branch of  Great Lur Trib used to move between two states of Khuzestan and Shiraz. The state has mild semi dry climate, colorful and charming nature with high mountains and slopes covered with flowers, ponds, lakes, lagoons, and water streams.

Local Cafts

Local arts such as, carpets, felt carpets, “giveh” (cotton summer shoes), coarse carpet, rags, black tents, coarse, woolen cloths, silk ropes, wooden ladlers and other crafts.

Historical Attractions:

Most important historical attractions in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiary are casstles of Dazk, Asadiyeh, Jonghan, Chalshtar, and Zaman Khan Bridge in Shahre Kurd.

Natural Attractions:

Ponds of Chaghakhor, Gandoman, and Solgan in Brojen, (attracts migrant birds during the migration).

Ski resorts of Sorshjan in Shahre Kurd. Ski resort of Chelgro, and Anar fall in Farsan and Atash-gah fall in Ardakan.

Religious Attractions:

Shrine of Imamzadeh Hamzeh Ali is in Brojen. Atabakan Mosque, shrines of Imamzadeh Halimeh, Hakimeh Khaton in Shahr-e Kurd. Shrine and mosque of Imamzadeh Farsan are in city of Farsan.

Kurdistan province                                                             Done    22

Kurdestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran and it is located in the west of the country and bounded by Irag on the west. The capital of the province is the city of Sanandaj.

The counties of the province are Baneh, Bijar, Divandarreh, Sagez, Sanandaj, Ghorveh, Kamyaran, Marivan and Dehgolan. The mountainous land of this area and and the beauty encouaraged the kurds as first Aryan Tribes to settle in this region.

Climate

Kurdistan is one of the most mountainous regions in Iran and has a generally mild and quite pleasant climate throughout the spring and summer. Winters are long and can be very cold with heavy snowfalls. The Kurdish People are the majority population in this province, and they speak Sorani- Kurdish that is a northwestern Iranian Language. The region's historical name is Ardalan.

Kurdistan Province is entirely a mountainous region that can be divided into two western and eastern sections that are located in the east and west of Sanandaj .Kurdistan province has many rivers, lakes, natural ice-stores and caves. Consequently, Kurdistan has always attracted a large number of tourists and fans of mountaineering, ski and water-sports.

Zarrinehrood, 302 km long, is one of the longest rivers of this province. Its banks offer great opportunities for recreation and the river's plentiful water renders itself ideal for water sports. This river runs northwards and ultimately pours into Lake Urumiye.  

Sirvan River is another prominent river in this province. It runs over a long distance, eventually to join the Tigris in Iraq. The banks of this river are remarkably attractive.

 Zarineh Rood and Simineh rood are two other important rivers in this province. A large number of marine species and birds live on the banks of the province's numerous rivers that they seem to find ideal habitats.

Lake Zarivar is the most beautiful waterway of the province, which lies at the feet to high mountains, providing a delightfully picturesque sight. Its water is sparkingly fresh. The lake has a maximum depth of 50 m and an average depth of 3 m. It surrounded by thick forests. The whole collection of the lake, the mountains and forests generates a fascinating panorama. This lake, which has a length of 5 km and a maximum which width of 1.7 km, lies to the west of Marivan. Lake Vahdat's dam, to the north of Sanandaj (Sinne), provides excellent opportunities for fishing and water-sports.

Kurdistan benefits from many resourceful mineral water springs. The most outstanding of these are Govaz to the northwest of Kamyaran, Abetalkh close to Bijar and Baba Gorgor to the north of Ghorveh.

Cave Kereftoo, close to Divandarreh, is a unique natural and at the same time archeological site. Inside the cave, there are a number of ancient buildings known as the Temple of Heraclius, because the name of this Greek god carved on the ceiling of one of the halls. Cave Shoovi, 267 m long, is another prominent cave, which lies near the city of Baneh.

Mount Charkhaln 3,330 m high, mount Chehelcheshmeh, 3,173 m, Mount Hossein Bak, 3,091 m, and Mount Masjede Mirza, 3,059 m, are the other large mountains of Kurdistan, also Forest of Baneh, springs of Ab Talkh, Khavar Abd, Gamchgaya.

and Haft Asiyab in Bijar.Forests of Sagez, Sanandaj,and Forests of Marivan.

Kurdistan has vast forests and refuges, where many animals and birds live, safely from the harms of the human beings: the leopard, ram, wild goat, hyena, jackal, wolf, fox, sable, wild duck, stork, parrot and eagle.

Historical Attractions:

Castles of Partian and Sassanid era of Siavame, Namshir, Brojeh, Kivehro, Shoovi, Armardeh, Kileh, Boyen and Sar Bastani sho are in Baneh. Castlel of Gomchgi, brick tower of Oshgon and Baba are in Bijar. Kereftoo Cave (Partian era.) is in Divan Darreh. Andareh, Ancent hills of Ziviyeh and Aeinisor are in Sagez. Old houses of Mir Hussein Moshiri, Asef, Vaziri, Sadegh Vaziri, hills of Koresi, Arandon, Chano, old bath house of Khan, Vakili, Momtaz, old bazaars in Sanandaj. Old village of Oramat Takht, hills of Sarv Abad, Negol, Birdge of Jam Gardalan and Oramiha Bazaar in Marivan.

Religious Attractions

Importa religious attractions in Kordestan province are:

Jam-e mosque of Khosro Abad is in Bijar. Mosques of two towers and Jam-e in Jump to: navigation, search

Sagez. Mosques of Jam-e, Daralhesan, Hajer Khaton, and shrine of Peer Omar

are in Sanandaj. Shrine of Baba Gar Gar is in Ghorveh. Holy shrine of Hazrat Aekasheh is in Kamyaran. Mosques of Abdollah Omran and Sorkh are in Marivan.

       Isfahan Province:                              Done 26

   Isfahan Province is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran. It is suited in the center of the country and its capital is the city of Isfahan and was once one of the largest cities in the world. Isfahan Province divided to nineteen townships including Aran, Bidgol, Ardestan, Isfahan, Barkhovar, Meymeh, Khomeini Shahr, Khansar, Semirum, Shareza, Faridan, Feryedun Shahr, Flaw-verjan, Kashan, Lanjan, Mubarakeh, Nain, Najaf Abad and Natanz.

            Climate

  The regions in west and central are mountainous have mild and dry climate, east and northeast surrounded by Dasht-e Kavir Iran’s largest desert, hot and dry.

        City of Isfahan

The city of Isfahan is located in the lush plain of the Zayandeh Rood (river), at the foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The city enjoys a temperate climate and regular seasons. No geological obstacles exist within 90 km north of Isfahan, allowing cool northern winds to blow from this direction. Situated at 1590 meters above sea level, it receives an average of 355 mm of rain per year. The temperature ranges between 2 and 28 degrees Celsius. The city of Isfahan experiences an excellent climate with four distinct seasons. Today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic Architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb Isfahan nesf-e jahān ast: "Isfahan is half of the world".

The architecture of Isfahan is made up of eight traditional forms which taken together form the foundation in the same way that music was once based on a finite number of notes. These modulated by the use of colors and textures to leave the surfaces and held together in an overall construction akin to that of a sonata in which connection leads to culmination through a transition space. I.e. garden, platform, porch, gateway, dome, arched chamber, and minaret, although in the geometry and architecture of the buildings they are woven together to present a seamless whole.

Prehistory

The history of Isfahan can be trace back to the Paleolithic period. In recent discoveries, archeologists have found artifacts dating back to the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron ages.

Ancient Isfahan was part of the Elamite Empire. Under the name of Aspandana, it became one of the principal towns of the Median dynasty, when Iranian Medes settled there. Subsequently the province became part of the Achaemenid  Empire and after the liberation of Iran from Macedonian occupation by the Arsacids; it became part of Parthian Empire. Isfahan was the centre and capital city of a large province, which administered by Arsacid governors. In the Sassanid era, Isfahan governed by "Espoohrans" or the members of seven noble Iranian families who had important royal positions, and served as the residence of these noble families as well.

 Islamic Era

Isfahan fell, temporarily, under the rule of Arabs until the Abbasid era, in10th century, under the Buwayhid Dynasty, Isfahan regained its importance, in the reign of Malek Shah l of the Seljuk Dynasty, Isfahan again selected as capital and commenced another golden age. In this period, Isfahan was one of the most thriving and important cities of the world. The famous Persian Philosopher Ebn-e Sina lived and taught there in the 12 century.

 The city raided and the Mongols massacred most of its inhabitants in the 13th century, the raid followed by that of Timur Lang in 1387. However, as the result of its suitable geographic situation, Isfahan flourished again especially during the Safavid Dynasty, which developed considerably.

The Golden Age of Isfahan arrived in the 16^th century under Shah Abbas the Great  (1587-1629), who conquered it and made it the new capital of the Safavid Dynasty. During the reign of Shah Abbas I, who unified Persia, Isfahan reached its pinnacle. Isfahan had parks, libraries and mosques that amazed Europeans, who had not seen anything like this at home. The Persians called it Nesf-e-Jahan (half the world) meaning that to see it was to see half the world, and referring to it as a point where many cultures and nationalities meet and mingled. In its heyday it was also one of the largest with a population of over half a million; 163 mosques, 48 religious schools, 1801 shops and 263 public baths.

   Isfahan In 1722, raided by the Afghans, and after a long siege, which left much of the city in ruins. Although the Afghans were a primary cause of Isfahan's decline, European merchants can also attribute this to the development of maritime commerce from such countries such as the Netherlands. Isfahan's wealth originated in its role as a chief way station along the trans-Asia trade route (such as the Silk Road), but land trade dwindled as the cheaper sea routes increased in popularity for transporting commodities between Asia and Europe.

   During the 17th and 18th centuries, Isfahan province enjoyed high standards of prosperity, as it became the capital of Safavid Persia. While the city of Isfahan was their seat of monarchy, Kashan was their place of vacation and leisure.

Isfahan province encompasses various sects today. The majority of the people in the province are Persian speakers, but Bakhtiaris, Georgians, Armenians, Qashqais and Persian Jews also reside in the province. The official language of the province is Persian, though different ethnic groups and tribes abide by their own language. Isfahan province noted for its reputed personalities such as writers, poets and other imminent figures that have been born and brought up or have lived in this territory.

   Local Crafts:

   Isfahan has long been one of the centers for production of the famous Persian carpets

   and rugs weaving which flourished in the Safavid era. Carpet weaving taken seriously by the people of Isfahan. They started to weave Safavid designs and once again became one of the most important nexus of the Iranian rug weaving industry. Isfahan carpets today are among the most wanted in world markets, having many customers in western countries.

   Isfahan rugs and carpets usually have ivory backgrounds with blue, rose, and indigo motifs. Rugs and carpets often have very symmetrical, balanced designs and excellent quality.

    

   Other crafts and designs include penmanship, enamel work, inlaid work, silvery, ceramic, tile, and crockery. Also, ask for Gaz and Popak (sweets).

    

Historical Sites in Isfahan Province:

Beautiful palaces and mansions of Ali Qapu- early 17^th century, Chehel Soton (the palace of forty Columns), Hasht Behesht (the place of eight paradises), famous bridges of Si-o-Se Pol (the Bridge of 33 Arches) Over the Zayandeh Rood (considered epitome of Safavid bridge design-1602), Khaju, Shahrestan (11th century), Marnan, Saadat Abad, caravansaries of Sheikh Alikhan, Mahyar, Sara-ye- Sephid, Mirza Kochek, Khonsareha, Manar Jonban

(a famous minaret),Chehel Doughtar, Sar-e ban, Ziyar, Rahrovan, Atashgah (Zoroastrian FireTemple), Dar Alzia, very beautiful “Imam Square” (Naqsh-e Jahan)-1602 and Meydan-e Kohneh (Old Square), inscriptions of  Abusaid Monastery, entrance to Ghaysar-e-yeh, bazaar, Haron Valayat, old school of Chahar Bagh, Baba Ghasem, Mullah Abd Allah, Mirza Hassan, Kaseh Garan, Jalaliy-e, Mullah Gotb, old houses,old pigeon towers In Isfahan. Jogand Caravansary ,Fin garden, Panjeh-e Shah, Mullah Ghotb, old houses caravansaries of Jogand, Gomrok, Moteh, museums of Fin Gardens and National Museum of Kashan Tour Caravanseray in Golpay-e gun, Naein and Bagh Bazaar, Mansions of Taj Abad In city of Natanz are the most historical attractions in Isfahan Province.

Religious Attractions:

Mosques of Jam-e, Abassi, Sheikh Lotf Ollah, Zolfaghar, Aziran, Agha Noor, Mesre, Shafe-yeh and  Shiekh Alyan in city of Isfahan. Mosques of Jam-e, Dasht Ramiran, Imam Hassan, Sefid, Zavareh are in Ardastan. Jam-e Mosque of Khonnsar, holy shrines of Imamzadeh Shahreza are in Shahreza.

Mosque of Ashtarjan village (17 century) is in city of Flaverjan. Holy mausoleum of Habib Ebne Mousa, Soultan Mirahmad, Abu LuLu, shrines of Imamzadeh Zain Aldin city of Ardehal, Be Be Shah Zaynab, Shah Sultan Hussein’s resting place, old mosques of Agha Bozorgh, Mir Emad, Mian Deh Ghahrood, and Abyaneh in Kashan. Mausoleum of Eighty-Three and Saravar Mosque of Golpayegan, Jameh Mosque of Naein, Shrines of Seyed Vaghef and Khajeh Abd Alsamad are in Natanz.

Natural Sites:

Shalora Falls, Kurd Alia, hot water springs of Varton Khor, Biabanak, Shah Fall, and Kah Rood Cave in Isfahan. Beautiful Caves of Shah Ghandab in Shahreza, hot springs of Sulimani, Nain, Ghamsar, and Niasar in Kashan. Springs (makes travertine), hunting ground of Moteh are in Golpayegan and Abbas spring in Natanz.

  Naqsh-e Jahan Square "Imam Square”, in Isfahan is one of the biggest city squares in the world and the most glorious and  flourishing architecture during  Safavid Dynasty

(Shah Abbas l), designed like a big rectangle with Ali Qapo Mansion, Imam Mosque, Shiekh Lutfollah, and Gheysarey-e

each at one side of the rectangle Imam Square is an outstanding example of Iranian and   Islamic architecture, and, been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

   Ali Qapo (The Royal Palace) is a masterpiece and famous for its architectural, plaster and inside tile work. The palace was designed for meetings, and entertaining foreign dignitaries.

  Sardar-e Geyser is located in north of the Naqsh-e Jahan Square and is famous for its paintings.

  Jam-e Mosque of Abassi or Imam’s Mosque is located in south of Imam Square (Nagsh-e Johan Square). If there has to be, a most stunning building in the world this is it, another masterpiece of architectural design and tile work.

  Sheikh Lotf- Allah Mosque- is one of the high-ranking holiest Shi’a clergymen

  A public place for worshipers, and is master piece of architectural and inside tile work and

  been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

   

  Si-o-Sepol- is one of its kinds, was built during Safavid Dynasty (Shah Abas-el), with the expense and supervision of Sardar Allah Verdi Khan and considered epitome of Safavid bridge design and it is the longest bridge over The Zayandeh rood (river).

  Fin Castle and Garden- is one of the most glorious and stunning mansion in Isfahan Province, and build during safavid era. During the Qajar era, some additions added to the mansion. Today this place is the most attraction place for tourists from near and all around the world.

Modern age

 Today Isfahan, is the third largest city in Iran, produces fine carpets, textiles, steel, and handicrafts. Isfahan has one of the largest steel producing facilities in the entire region the city has an international airport and is in the final stages of constructing its first    Metro line.

 Over 2000 companies are working in the area using Isfahan's economic, cultural, and social potentials. Isfahan contains a major oil refinery and a large Steel Manufacture.

City of Kashan                                                                         

Kashan is another jewel city in the province of Isfahan and a city in desert. It had an estimated population of 272,359 in 2005.  Kashan is one of the ancient cities of Iran and discovery in Silk Hills region proves pre historical life existed in Kashan. The historical Fin Gardens and Bazaar are the highlights of Kashan and a fine example of traditional Persian architecture. Bazaar has many interesting buildings inside it, like mosques, caravanserais and water storages and many more. Kashan is world famous for its carpets, also has a name for silk, ceramics, copperware and rosewater.

West Azerbaijan Province:                    Done 27

West Azerbaijan Province is located in North West of Iran. The province divided into 14 counties of Urumiye, Oshnaviyeh, Bukan, Piranshahr, Takab, Chaldoran, Khoy, Sardasht, Salmas, Shahin Dej, Maku, Mahabud, Miando Ab, and Naghadeh. Urumiye is the capital city of the province.

West Azerbaijan province is part of the Great Azerbaijan. Majority of state populations are Azeri and Kurdish, there are also three small ethnics and religious groups native to the province: Assyrian, Armenian and Jews. In 2006, the province had a population of 3,015,361.

Climate and Nature

The climate of the province is largely influence by the rainy winds of the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean also cold northern winds affect the province during winter and cause heavy snow.

West Azerbaijan Province encompassing vast and fertile plains with, high mountains, and has moderate and healthy weather. Rivers with high volume of water, grape yards, orchards, luxuriant forest, rangelands, mountain  outskirt  with wonderful flora during spring, and the summer covered with tulips, magnificent wildlife, beautiful shores around the lake with different recreational facilities, which all together forms one of the most beautiful and  spectacular region in Iran.

Arass rivers banks in the north to Zab Kouchak valley in the south State of West Azarbijan is one of the mountainous places in Iran with lower elevations in East with mild and dry weather and higher elevations in West with cold and dry weather, especially in coastal areas of Urumiye. The province enjoys a wealth of historical attractions, with 169 sites registered by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran.

Touist Facilities:

Urumiye international Airport, Iran Europe Railroad and transit, that passes through the north portion of state and The city of Bazargan is the main gate for exports and imports to and from Europe through Turkey. Urumiye has variety of attraction places and facilities such as hotels, motels, restaurants, parks and others with great people to make it easy for visitors and tourists.

Local Crafts:

Carpet, short-Napped coarse carpet, rug, variety of woodwork, paintings on leather, mat, basket and other hand made products.

Historical Attractions:                

 Old Bazaar and Ancient Museum are in Urumiye. Famous inscriptions of Kalleh Shin and Aein

Alrom is in Oshnoviyeh. Ancient cave of Crafto is in Tukab. Hills of Ghallot, Shin Abad, Ghallot Mart Abad, and Ghallot Jeldian are in Piranshahr. Rocky residence of Farhad and Shirin are in Chaldoran. Castles of Bostan, Blur Abad old bridge of Khatun, Old Stone Gate  and old bazaar in city of Khoy. Castle of Gorchin Ghalae, old dam of Jamal- Abad, masonries of Khan Takhte (Ardeshir Babakan era.) and Shapour l are in city of Salmas. Hills of Gerd-tapeh, Chal-Tapeh are is in Shahin Dej. Petrography of Rosa City and RockyTomb of Orartu-e are in Mako. Small and large Caves of Burnik and Fagrgha (Orartu-e era.), city of Madi-ye-Andar Ghash, Achaemen Dakhmeh (tower of silence where the Zoroastrians lay the bodies of their dead) Daka in Andar in region of Andarghash are in Mahabad. Areas of Dash-tapehis are in Miando Ab Hill of Hassan-lou near Naghadeh (famous for its golden cup).

Religious Attractions

Important religious attractions of this state are:

Chuches of Zor-Zor, Darreh Sham, and very famous Ghara Church are in Chaldorun. Old Mosques of Matlab-Khan, mullah-Hassan, Seyed-Alshohada, ShamsTabrizi Minaret are in Khoy. Church of Saint Goeoge is in Salmas and Jam-e Mosque in Mahabadd.

Natural Attractions:

    Coastal area of  lake Urumiye, Islands of Kabodan, Ashk, Arazo, wild life habitat of     Vaspeer, hot springs of Zanbil, Haftabeh, Ganirjeh, Natural History Museum in Urumiye, hot and mineral  water springs of Vishlag, Eve Oghli, Shor Bolagh Bilvar, Zarean, Navye, mineral spring of Khan in city of Khoy and  recreational area of Grov in Sardasht. Hot spring water of Minas, Sadaghian and Vaysty Su are in Salmas. Hot mineral springs water of Shagafti, Shoot Abad, Bash Kandy, Galaejog Fall, wild life Habitant of Marakan, hunting grounds of Agh Gol in Mako, recreation area of Mian do Ab Dam, ponds of Garah Gol, Sir Yal Abad, Mineral spring of Zendan Suliman in Miando Ab. Ponds of Shikan, Yadegarlu, johood Abad, Garoh Geya and Khoslu in Nagadeh.

 

 

 

 

Fars Province                                             Done 28

Fars province is one of the 30 Provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country and its center is Shiraz. The province divided into 18 counties, which include Abadeh, Arsanjan, Estahban, Eqlid, Bovanat, Jahrum, Khoram Bid, Darab, Sepeedan, Fasa, Firouz Abad, Kazeroon, Lar, Lamerd, Marvdasht, Mamasani, Nayreez and Shiraz as provincial capital. Fars is the original homeland of the Persian people. The native name of the Persian Language is Farsi or Parsi.

Climate and Wildlife

There are three distinct climatic regions in the Fars Province. The regions located in mountainous area of the north and northwest with moderate cold winters and mild summers. The central regions are with relatively rainy mild winters, and hot dry summers. The region located in the south and southeast, has moderate winters with very hot summers. The average temperature of Shiraz is 16.8 °C, ranging between 4.7° and 29.2 °C. The geographical and climatic variation of the province causes varieties of plants; consequently, variation of wild life formed in the province. Additional to the native animals of the province, many kinds of birds migrate to the province every year. Many kinds of ducks, storks and swallows migrate to this province in annual parade. The main native animals of the province are Gazelle, deer, mountain wild goat, ram, ewe and many kinds of birds. The province of Fars includes many protected wild life zones.

People and culture

The people of this province have a history of having a simple living and being a capable people who are determined and effective warriors and fighters whenever circumstances made it necessary. They have gained such a reputation as being excellent, if not the best, equestrian in Iran. The people of this province, while having the more common Pahlevani wrestling/combat style of the deep rooted traditional Zurkhane, which exists everywhere in all provinces, also have their own style of wrestling/unarmed combat as well (as do other provinces). The style called Jangi

The province has various unique traditions and rituals relative to the 'tribal' lifestyles. Special forms of music, dance, and clothing are noteworthy

History

The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 9th century BC, and became the rulers of a large empire under the Achaemenid dynasty  in the 6^th century BC. The Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located in Fars.

The Achaemenid Empire defeated by Alexander in the fourth century BC. The Seleucid Empire defeated by the Parthians in 238BC.

                              A Sassanid relief showing the investiture of Ardashir I

Ardashir l Sassanid Emperor rapidly extended his territories and Sassanids ruled for 425 years until the Arab armies conquered the Persia. During the Safavid era, Fars flourished again and in 18 century badly damaged by Afghan Invasion.

    Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the enlightened rule of Karim Khan Zand          who made it the capital of his reign in 1762 and employing more than 12,000 workers       

        And constructed a royal district with a fortress, many administrative buildings,

        a mosque and one of the finest covered bazaars in Iran

Qajar dynasty also contributed a great deal to the construction of the city and many of the famous gardens and, buildings.

Fars during the course of history passed hand to hand through numerous dynasties, leaving behind numerous historical and ancient monuments; each has its own values as a world heritage, reflecting the history of the province and Iran.

Economy

Agriculture is of great importance in Fars Province. The major products include cereal (wheat and barley), citrus fruits, dates, sugar beets and cotton.

Fars has major petrochemical facilities, along with an oil refinery, a factory for producing tires, a large electronics industry, and a sugar mill.

Shiraz Airport is the main international airport of the province and the second in the country. The cities of Lar and Lamerd also have airports linking them with Shiraz and Tehran and nearby Persian Gulf countries such as the UAE and Bahrain as well. Shiraz is along the main route from Tehran to southern Iran.

Tourism is also a large industry in the province. UNESCO has designated an area in the province, called Arjan (known as Dasht e Arjan) as a biosphere reserve.

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City of Shiraz

Shiraz is located in the south of Iran and the northwest of Fars Province. It built in a green plane at the foot of the Zagros Mountains 1500 meters (5200 ft) above sea level. Shiraz is 919 Kilometers (571 miles) south of Tehran.

In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. Shiraz is the city of poets, and flowers. It is also consider by many Iranians to be the city of gardens. There are many old gardens in Shiraz such as the Eram Garden and the Afif Abad.

Shiraz is land of poets, mystics and philosophers among the important Iranian born in Shiraz were the Sa’di and Hafez the mystic Roozbehan and the philosopher Mulla Sadra.

Hafez

Hafez was a Persian Mystic and Poet. He was born sometime between the years 1310 and 1337 in Shiraz and is one of the greatest poets of the world.

His lyrical poems, known as Ghazals, beauty and bring to fruition the love, mysticism, and early Sufi themes that had long pervaded Persian Poetry.

The mausoleum of Hafez is located in Hafeziyeh north of the city of Shiraz.

Saadi

Saadi a native son of Shiraz Shiekh Saadi left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences at Al-Nizamiya of Baghdad (1195-1226).

The unsettled conditions following the Mongol invasion of Persia led him to wander abroad through Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, and Irag. He also refers in his work to travels in India and Central Asia. Saadi mingled with the ordinary survivors of the Mongol holocaust. He sat in remote teahouses late into the night and exchanged views with merchants, farmers, preachers, wayfarers, thieves, and Sufi mendicants. For twenty years or more, he continued the same schedule of preaching, advising, learning, honing his sermons, and polishing them into gems illuminating the wisdom and foibles of his people.

When he reappeared in his native Shiraz, he was an elderly man. Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but was respected highly by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province.

His best-known works are Bostan ("The Orchard") in 1257 and Gulistan ("The Rose Garden") in 1258. Bostan is entirely in verse and consists of stories aptly illustrating the standard virtues recommended to Muslims (justice, liberality, modesty, contentment) as well as of reflections on the behavior of dervishes and their ecstatic practices. Golestan is mainly in prose and contains stories and personal anecdotes. The text is interspersed with a variety of short poems, containing aphorisms, advice, and humorous reflections. Saadi demonstrates a profound awareness of the absurdity of human existence. The fate of those who depend on the changeable moods of kings contrasted with the freedom of the people.

The peculiar blend of human kindness and cynicism, humor, and resignation displayed in Saadi's works, together with a tendency to avoid the hard dilemma, make him, to many, the most typical and lovable writer in the world of Iranian culture.

Saadi distinguished between the spiritual and the practical or mundane aspects of life. In his Bostan, for example, spiritual Saadi uses the mundane world as a springboard to propel himself beyond the earthly realms. The images in Bostan are delicate in nature and soothing. In the Golestan, on the other hand, mundane Saadi lowers the spiritual to touch the heart of his fellow wayfarers and will always remain in reader's mind the ring of truth in the divisions.

      The mausoleum of Saadi is located in Shiraz.

Persepolise /Takht –e Jamshid

Persepolise is located 130 kms northeast of modern city of Shiraz in Fars province.

   Persepolise, the gate of all Nations built in about 500 BC by Achaemenian Darius the    great King. The work began in 515 BC and was completed 30 years later, by his son   Xerxes I his successor. Persepolis was an ancient ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire.

   The most glorious palace at Persepolis complex building with 72 columns named Apadana and used for the King of Kings' official audiences. The Walls were tiled and decorated with pictures of lions, bulls, and flowers. Next to the Apadana is the Throne Hall or the Imperial Army's hall of honour also called the "Hundred-Columns Palace “ and used mainly for receptions for military commanders and representatives of all the subject nations of the empire.

  During the the invasion Alexander allowed his trops to loot Persepolis and held games in honor of his victories, he lighted  the torche and started the fire as the others all did the same, immediately the entire palace area consumed and burned down the Persepolis.

The UNESCO declared the citadel of Persepolis a World Heritage Site in 1979.

Persepolis is also one of the 80 treasures featured on.

            Attractions of Shiraz

          The most popular attractions of Shirāz are:

             Shah Cheragh ("the King of Lights"), the holy shrine of Seyed Amir Ahmad, the brother of Hazrat -e Imam Reza, the eighth Imam. The Shrine is a holy place and an important place for pilgrimage.             

  The tombs of Hafez, Saadi, Khaju Kermani and Haft Tanan mausoleum where Seven Sufi mystics are buried. The Tomb of Baba Kuhi sits at a mountain top overlooking the city, and the tomb of Karim Khan Zand is at the Pars Museum of Shiraz , one of the most historical buildings is the Kian, this building was made around the time of Cyrus The Great and has been a popular tourist attraction ever since.

Among the mosques, the oldest is Atig Jam-e Mosque, followed by Vaki Mosque and Nasir Al Mulk Mosque with their unique architecture. There are several shrines as well, the most famous one known as Shah Chiragh

The citadel of Arg of Karim Khan sits adjacent to the Vakil Bazaar and Vakil Bath at the city's central district.

Local crafts

The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silverware, pile carpet weaving, Gilim, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs.

Historical Attractions:

Sassani Palace is in Abadeh, castle of Izad Khast in Aglid. Castles of Mehrak, Khorsheh and Gabar, are in Jahrum. Naghshaye Rostam, Shapour, fier temple of Azarakhsh, Azarjo and Hakhamesh are in city of Darab. Gardens of Golshan, Aram, Delgosha, Chehel Tan, Haft Tan, Jahan Nema, Takht, Gardens of Saadi, Hafez, castle of Abunasr, citadel of Karim Khani, Mansions of Ilkhani, Bagh Neshat Bagh Nazar, castle of Ajdaha (dragon), Paykar, bathhouses of Neshat, Vakil, Bazaars of Vakil, new, old schools of Khan, Aga Baba Khan, fire temple of Pasargard, Samikan are in city of Shiraz. Castle of Zahak in Fasa. Fire temple of Kenar Siyah, Farash Band, caravansari of Sassani and Galeh Doukhtar are in Firoz Abad. Nagsh-e Shapour (petrography of Shapour), ancient city of Bashyapour are in Kazeroon. Castle of Gadamgah is in Lar. Remaining of the old city Estakhr, Persepolis, petrograph of Tang Boragi and Nagsh Rajab are in Marvdasht. Old bridges of Fahlian and Nagsh Bahrum are in Mamasani.

Religious Attractions:

Mosques of Sangi, Jam-e Aramgahs of Prince Abu-algassem, and Shah Abu Zakaria are in city of Darab. Mosques of Jam-e Tahghigh, Shohada, and Nasir Almolk are in city of Shiraz and holy shrine of Imamzadeh Darahanin in Mamasani.

Natural Attractions:    

Protected wild life zones of Basiran and Toot Siyah are in Abadeh. Receational area of Bardaneh, Forest park of Estahban, Kaftar Lake, springs of Balangan, Gadamgah, Chono, Muhammad Rasol Ollah, Beautiful fall of Dashtak Abarj in Aghlid. Recreational area of Biniz is in Jahrum. Receational area of jonjan, Tang lay- Zangon, and Abband in Darab. Spring of Sepeedan, lakes of Maharlo, Arjan, springs of Khargon Varchi recreation area of Fily, spring of Salmani, Barm Valk, Chah maski, Mian Kotal, Band Bahman, Nation Park of Bemo in city of Shiraz and recreation area of Mian Jangal in Fasa. Spring of Firetemple, Tongab, Tang Khergeh and receation area of Shahid are in Firoz Abad. Beautiful Lake of Parishan is in Kazaron. Preserved area of Hermodlar, springs of Abo Almehdi and Bozaband Margon Fall are in Marvdasht. Recreational aera of Dimehmil, hot water spring of Sarab Bahram are in Mamasani.

Khorasan-e- Shomally (North) Province:   Done 25                   

Province is a new state, it was part of Khorasan province until (AD. 2004) and located in     northeast of the country and shares 220 Km border with Turkmenistan. This province is consists of four counties include Bojnord, Esfarayen, Jajrum and Shirvan.City of Bojnord is the capital of the North Khorasan Province.

Climate

Province has mild summers and cold winters.

Historical Attractions:

Old castles of Hassan Abad, Ghaysar, Saolak, old city of Belgays and hills of Sarmaran are in Esfarayen. Castles of Khan, Pah-le-van, and Jalal Al Din are in Jajrum.

  Religious Attractions

Most important religious attractions in Khorasan Shomali are:

Shrines of Imamzadeh Ahmad Reza, Abdollah Korun, Prince Zandiyeh, Sheikh Muhammad Rashid- Al Din, and Prince Jafar are in Esfarayen. Shrine of Soultan Seyed Abbas is in Bojnord. Shrines of Ali-Ebn-e Mehryar, Maesom Zadeh and Danial Nabi in Jajrum.Holy shrine of Imamzadeh Hamzeh Reza in Shirvan.

  Natural Attractions:

Old trees, preserved natural resources area of Sary gol, Noshirvan Cave, and shrine in Esfrain. Salog, preserved area, springs of five Ghardash (five brothers), Baba Aman in Bojnord. Countrysides of Zavarem, Oghaz, Golbol Namanlo, and preserved area of Golol are in Shirvan.

Local Crafts:

Carpet, rug and felt weaving, rockery, turquoise design cutting, penmanship on stone and coarse carpet.

    East Azerbaijan Province:                      Done 29

 East Azerbaijan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran and it is located in North West of the       country. The province divided into 16 counties, which include Ahar, Azar Shahr, Bonab, Bostan Abad, Hashtrood, Haris, Jolfa, Kalibar, Maragheh, Marand, Malkan, Mianeh, Osko, Sarab, Shabestar, and Tabriz the provencial capital of east Azarbaijan Province.

Climate

East Azerbaijan province has mountainous climate, cold freezing temperature in winters and very mild and dry in summers.

History

 East Azerbaijan Province is a portion of Ancient Azerbaijan, and one of the oldest and historical states of Iran. During the Achaemenian Dynasty (B.C 550-330), the ancient city of Shez was its capital.

       After Alexander conquered Persia, he appointed the Persian General Atropat

       as Governor of Azarbiajan Province. In (331 BC) Atropat liberated the region, and established independent dynasty and changed its name to Atropatkan and later on to Azerbaijan.

       In 645 AD after the Islamic Conquest of Iran, most of its people converted to Islam and

       made it part of the Khalifate. The Arabs also settled in Azerbaijan more numerously

       than other provinces due to the it’s wide and green pastures. Local revolts against the Khalifeh were common and the most famous of these revolts was that Persian Khurramdin movement. After the revolt of Babak Khorramdin, the grip of the Abbasid Khalifeh on Azerbaijan weakened, allowing native dynasties to rise in Azerbaijan.              During the invasion of Iran by Mongolians (A.D 1220), Azerbaijan became their seat of government with Maraghe as their capital and later on, they moved the capital back to Tabriz. It was out of Ardabil (ancient Artavilla) that the Safavid dynasty arose to renew the state of Persia and establish Shi'ism as the official religion of Iran.

During Qajars dynasty, Azerbaijan became the traditional residence of theirs-apprent and the final northern frontier of Iran with Russia (along the Araxes) and ended with signing ofTheTurkamanchay Treaty in 1828.

Province is an important industrial and commercial state with petrochemical and food packaging factories with International Airport, Railroad, and many historical places to see.

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       Local Crafts:

     Crapts, galims (coarse carpet), jajim (loosely woven cloth), rugs, bags, fine silk, crochet articles, needlework, baskets, variety of fine leathers, purses, briefcases, shoes, and wallets.

      Nuts and dry fruits are also important items of this area.

Historical Attraction:

Historical attractions of East Azerbaijan province are:

Beautiful and amazing village of Kandavan is in city of Osko. Old tree of the Maydane (square)) Shahrestan is in city of Azar Shahr, Castles of Gahgaha, Joshin, Pashto, and Noroz in city of Ahar. Municipality Building, mansions of Anal Goli, castle of Rab Rashidi, Great Bazaar, and Azarbaijan Museum are in Tabriz. Saint Stespson’s very old Church

also called Ruin Church in Jolfa. Stone Caravanserai is in Sarab. Famous castle of Babak is in Sarab and the famous observatory of Khajeh Nasir that constructed in the year 675 A.H. during the rule of Hollakoo Khan with request of great Iranian scholar Khajeh Nasiroddin Toosi in Maragheh.

Village of Kandavan

 Beautiful and amazing village of Kandovan, Village is a living example of human adaptation to exceptionally unusual natural surroundings, is located 50 Km to the south of Tabriz,

       in Osko district, on the northern slopes of a valley at the foothills of Mount Sahand, a river  originating from the Sahand peaks passes through the valley.

 There are a number natural springs to the north of the river, the water traditionally used for the treatment of kidney stone, according to locals. The physical structure of the village looks like images from fairy tales. Natural cones, scattered over a vast area, serves as human dwelling rack formations which themselves seem to have been the work of certain sculptors.  The road goes on through this natural artwork. On getting nears to the dwellings, the visitor find out that the large families are living inside tower three of these hollow interconnected cones with features such as openings on their surface playing the role of actual windows. The lowest cones used as stables and those on top as theliving quarters. The interiors of the dwellings, divided into a living and bedroom, dimly lit. As the legend goes, the first people to settle there were the soldiers involved in military operations over 800 years ago.

Religious Attractions

The most important religious attractions of state are:

Imamzadeh Osko and mausoleum of Sultan Hossam Al Din are in Osko. Mosques of Shir-Amin and Chahar-Su are in city of Azar Shahr. The Jam-e Mosque of Ahar (Seljukian A.D 1038-1194), jam-e Mosque, Alishah and very famous mosque of Kabood are in city of Tabriz. Sangi Mosque of Jamal Abad is in Sarab. Jam-e Mosque of Tasoj in Shabestar (Ilkhanid Dynasty A.D 1256-1352) and shrine of Imamzadeh Shah Ghasem (Safavid Dynasty A.D 1501-1732) are in Kalibar.

Natural Attractions

The most famous natural attractions in East Azarbaijan province are the beautiful village of Ashtbin in Ahar. Beautiful canyons of Sahand (Bride of the Iranian mountains) are in Tabriz. Beautiful coastal area of Aras is in Jolfa. Hot mineral water springs of Allah Hagh, Abras in Sarab. Famous cave of Kabutar (pigeon), hot mineral water springs of Varjavi, Goshayesh, Sarisu and Shorsu in city of Maragheh.

Khorasan-e -Jonobi (south) Province:      Done

Southern Khorasan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran and it is located in east of the country,       and divided into four counties of Birjand, Nehbandan, Qayenat, and Sarbish-e. The       provincial capital of Khorasan-e Jonobi is Birjand. Khorasan known for its famous carpets and rugs as well as saffron that produced in southern cities of this province.

    Climate

     Due to closeness of state to central desert, state has unique characteristics and attractions of

    a desert and modern living condition of cities. The province has mild winters and hot summers.

        Historical, natural and religious:

Chansht Cave, Nehbandan and Furg citadels, Jam-e Mosque, shrine of Imamzadeh Mousa and Mansions of Alam are in Birjand.

Khadang Cave, mausoleum of Bozarjomehr, resting place of Abo-Almafakher and Jam-e Mousque are in Qayenat. Forests of Tank, Wild Willo, Saffran, Wild Plum, Seyah Daneh, and Boteh Gavan are in Khorasan-e Jonobi.

Local Crafts and Souviniers:

Carpet, felt carpet, basket, mat, and turquoise.

Please do not forget Saffran and Zereshk.